Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Future of Antibody Therapy

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Immunotherapy in 2020

Part of the book series: Ernst Schering Foundation Symposium Proceedings ((SCHERING FOUND,volume 2006/4))

Abstract

Antibodies have been used successfully as therapeutics for over 100 years. The successful development of therapeutic human(ized) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the last 20 years has demonstrated the potency of mAbs but also revealed some of their limitations. Studies in animals and humans demonstrated that it is possible to overcome some of these limitations using mixtures of mAbs or polyclonal antibody (pAb) preparations. pAbs from human and animal plasma are efficacious and safe therapeutics for the treatment of many diseases. Novel technologies are being developed for the production of human pAbs in genetically engineered animals. Immunization of such animals should allow the production of effective and safe high-titer antibody preparations for the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmunity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams GP, Weiner LM (2005) Monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. Nat Biotechnol 23:1147–1157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andresen I, Kovarik JM, Spycher M, Bolli R (2000) Product equivalence study comparing the tolerance, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various human immunoglobulin-G formulations. J Clin Pharmacol 40:722–730

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badger C, Anasetti C, Davis J, Bernstein I (1987) Treatment of malignancy with unmodified antibody. Pathol Immunopathol Res 6:419–434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beiras-Fernandez A, Chappell D, Hammer C, Thein E (2006) Influence of polyclonal anti-thymocyte globulins upon ischemia-reperfusion injury in a non-human primate model. Transpl Immunol 15:273–279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnefoy-Berard N, Revillard JP (1996) Mechanisms of immunosuppression induced by antithymocyte globulins and OKT3. J Heart Lung Transplant 15:435–442

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnefoy-Berard N, Genestier L, Flacher M, Rouault JP, Lizard G, Mutin M, Revillard JP (1994) Apoptosis induced by polyclonal antilymphocyte globulins in human B-cell lines. Blood 83:1051–1059

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan DC, Daller JA, Lake KD, Cibrik D, Del Castillo D, et al (2006) Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin compared to basiliximab for induction in renal transplantation. New England J Med 355:1967–1977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchwald UK, Pirofski L (2003) Immune therapy for infectious diseases at the dawn of the 21st century: the past, present and future role of antibody therapy, therapeutic vaccination and biological response modifiers. Curr Pharm Des 9:945–968

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burton CM, Andersen CB, Jensen AS, Iversen M, Milman N, Boesgaard S, Arendrup H, Eliasen K, Carlsen J (2006) The incidence of acute cellular rejection after lung transplantation: a comparative study of anti-thymocyte globulin and daclizumab. J Heart Lung Transplant 25:638–647

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byrd JC, Waselenko JK, Maneatis TJ, Murphy T, Ward FT, Monahan BP, Sipe MA, Donegan S, White CA (1999) Rituximab therapy in hematologic malignancy patients with circulating blood tumor cells: association with increased infusion-related side effects and rapid blood tumor clearance. J Clin Oncol 17:791–795

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cartron G, Dacheux L, Salles G, Solal-Celigny P, Bardos P, Colombat P, Watier H (2002) Therapeutic activity of humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody and polymorphism in IgG Fc receptor FcgammaRIIIa gene. Blood 99:754–758

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casadevall A (2002) Passive antibody administration (immediate immunity) as a specific defense against biological weapons. Emerg Infect Dis 8:833–841

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casadevall A, Scharff MD (1994) Serum therapy revisited: animal models of infection and development of passive antibody therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38:1695–1702

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casadevall A, Scharff MD (1995) Return to the past: the case for antibody-based therapies in infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis 21:150–161

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casadevall A, Dadachova E, Pirofski LA (2004) Passive antibody therapy for infectious diseases. Nat Rev Microbiol 2:695–703

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chow KU, Sommerlad WD, Boehrer S, Schneider B, Seipelt G, Rummel MG, Hoelzer D, Mitrou PS, Weidmann E (2002) Anti-CD20 antibody (IDEC-C2B8, rituximab) enhances efficacy of cytotoxic drugs on neoplastic lymphocytes in vitro; the role of cytokines, complement and caspases. Haematologica 87:33–43

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Church AC (2003) Clinical advances in therapies targeting the interleukin-2 receptor. QJM 96:91–102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czuczman MS (1999) CHOP plus rituximab chemoimmunotherapy of indolent B-cell lymphoma. Semin Oncol 26:88–96

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czuczman MS, Grillo-Lopez AJ, White CA, Saleh M, Gordon L, LoBuglio AF, Jonas C, Klippenstein D, Dallaire B, Varns C (1999) Treatment of patients with low-grade B-cell lymphoma with the combination of chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody and CHOP chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 17:268–276

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Debets R, Savelkoul HF (1994) Cytokine antagonists and their potential therapeutic use. Immunol Today 15:455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubin G (2002) Extracellular proteases of Staphylococcus spp. Biol Chem 383:1075–1086

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finckh A, Simard JF, Duryea J, Liang MH, Huang J, Daneel S, Forster A, Gabay C, Guerne PA (2006) The effectiveness of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in preventing progressive radiographic joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum 54:54–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelman FD, Madden KB, Morris SC, Holmes JM, Boiani N, Katona IM, Maliszewski CR (1993) Anti-cytokine antibodies as carrier proteins: prolongation of in vivo effects of exogenous cytokines by injection of cytokine-anti-cytokine antibody complexes. J Immunol 151:1235–1244

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fojo AT, Menefee M (2005) Microtubule targeting agents: basic mechanism of multidrug resistance (MDR). Semin Oncol 32:S3–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster TJ, Hook M (1998) Surface protein adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus. Trends Microbiol 6:484–488

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler VG Jr, Fey PD, Reller LB, Chamis AL, Corey GR, Rupp ME (2001) The intercellular adhesin locus ica is present in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from bacteremic patients with infected and uninfected prosthetic joints. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 189:127–131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghetie V, Ward ES (2000) Multiple roles for the major histocompatibility complex class I-related Fc receptor RcRn. Annu Rev Immunol 18:739–766

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golay J, Lazzari M, Facchinetti V, Bernasconi S, Borleri G, Barbui T, Rambaldi A, Introna M (2001) CD20 levels determine the in vitro susceptibility to rituximab and complement of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: further regulation by CD55 and CD59. Blood 98:3383–3389

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez MI, Lee A, Reddy B, Muir A, Soong G, Pitt A, Cheung A, Prince A (2004) Staphylococcus aureus protein A induces airway epithelial inflammatory responses by activating TNFR1. Nat Med 20:842–848

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gotz F, Verheij HM, Rosenstein R (1998) Staphylococcal lipases: molecular characterization, secretion, and processing. Chem Phys Lipids 93:15–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herbst R, Langer C (2002) Epidermal growth factor receptors as a target for cancer treatment: the emerging role of IMC-C225 in the treatment of lung and head and neck cancers. Semin Oncol 29:27–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heremans H, Dillen C, Put W, Damme JV, Billiau A (1992) Protective effect of anti-interleukin (IL)-6 antibody against endotoxin, associated with paradoxically increased IL-6 levels. Eur J Immunol 22:2395–2401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera L, Yarbrough S, Ghetie V, Aquino DB, Vitetta ES (2003) Treatment of SCID/human B cell precursor ALL with anti-CD19 and anti-CD22 immunotoxins. Leukemia 17:334–338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hillmen P (2004) Advancing therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia—the role of rituximab. Semin Oncol 31:22–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiramatsu K (2001) Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a new model of antibiotic resistance. Lancet Infect Dis 1:147–155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holliger P, Hudson PJ (2005) Engineered antibody fragments and the rise of the single domains. Nat Biotechnol 23:1126–1136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoogenboom HR (2005) Selecting and screening recombinant antibody libraries. Nat Biotechnol 23:1105–1116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, Cartwright T, Hainsworth J, Heim W, Berlin J, Baron A, Griffing S, Holmgren E, Ferrara N, Fyfe G, Rogers B, Ross R, Kabbinavar F (2004) Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 350:2335–2342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang WY, Foote J (2005) Immunogenicity of engineered antibodies. Methods 36:3–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khazaeli MB, Conry RM, LoBuglio AF (1994) Human immune response to monoclonal antibodies. J Immunother 15:42–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein B, Brailly H (1995) Cytokine-binding proteins: stimulating antagonists. Immunol Today 16:216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knight KL, Crane MA (1994) Generating the antibody repertoire in rabbit. Adv Immunol 56:179–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knight RJ, Kerman RH, Zela S, Pdbielski J, Podder H, Van Buren CT, Katz S, Kahan BD (2006) Pancreas transplantation utilizing thymoglobulin, sirolimus and cyclosporine. Transplantation 81:1101–1105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler G, Milstein C (1975) Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 256:495–497

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroiwa Y, Kasinathan P, Choi YJ, Naeem R, Tomizuka K, Sullivan EJ, Knott JG, Duteau A, Goldsby RA, Osborne BA, Ishida I, Robl JM (2002) Cloned transchromosomic calves producing human immunoglobulin. Nat Biotechnol 20:889–894

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroiwa Y, Kasinathan P, Matsushita H, Sathiyaselan J, Sullivan EJ, Kakitani M, Tomizuka K, Ishida I, Robl JM (2004) Sequential targeting of the genes encoding immunoglobulin-mu and prion protein in cattle. Nat Genet 36:775–780

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ladhani S (2003) Understanding the mechanism of action of the exfoliative toxins of Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 39:181–189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lanning D, Sethupathi P, Rhee KJ, Zhai SK, Knight KL (2000) Intestinal microflora and diversification of the rabbit antibody repertoire. J Immunol 165:2012–2019

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee J, Fenton BM, Koch CJ, Frelinger JG, Lord EM (1998) Interleukin 2 expression by tumor cells alters both the immune response and the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res 58:1478–1485

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard JP, Coleman M, Ketas J, Ashe M, Fiore JM, Furman RR, Niesvizky R, Shore T, Chadburn A, Horne H, Kovacs J, Ding CL, Wegener WA, Horak ID, Goldenberg DM (2005) Combination antibody therapy with epratuzumab and rituximab in relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 23:5044–5051

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li S, Schmitz KR, Jeffrey PD, Wiltzius JJ, Kussie P, Ferguson KM (2005) Structural basis for inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor by cetuximab. Cancer Cell 7:301–311

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lobo ED, Hansen RJ, Balthasar JP (2004) Antibody pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. J Pharm Sci 93:2645–2668

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lonberg N (2005) Human antibodies from transgenic animals. Nat Biotechnol 23:1117–1125

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu ZY, Brailly H, Wijdenes J, Bataille R, Rossi JF, Klein B (1995) Measurement of whole body interleukin-6 (IL-6) production: prediction of the efficacy of anti-IL-6 treatments. Blood 86:3123–3131

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • May LT, Neta R, Moldawer LL, Kenney JS, Patel K, Sehgal PB (1993) Antibodies chaperone circulating IL-6. J Immunol 151:3225–3236

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michallet MC, Preville X, Flacher M, Fournel S, Genestier L, Revillard JP (2003) Functional antibodies to leukocyte adhesion molecules in antithymocyte globulins. Transplantation 75:657–662

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mihara M, Koishihara H, Fukui K, Ohsugi YY (1991) Murine anti-human IL-6 monoclonal antibody prolongs the half-life in circulating blood and thus prolongs the bioactivity of human IL-6 in mice. Immunology 74:55–59

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mina L, Sledage GW Jr (2006) Twenty years of systemic therapy of breast cancer. Oncology 20:25–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montero-Julian FA, Gautherot E, Wijdenes J, Klein B, Brailly H (1994) Pharmacokinetics of interleukin-6 during therapy with anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibodies: enhanced clearance of interleukin-6 by a combination of three anti-interleukin-6 antibodies. J Interferon Res 14:301–302

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novick RP (2003) Mobile genetic elements and bacterial toxinoses: the superantigen-encoding pathogenicity islands of Staphylococcus aureus. Plasmid 49:93–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O'Riordan K, Lee JC (2004) Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharides. Clin Microbiol Rev 17:218–234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okum EJ, Perez-Tamayo RA, Higgins RS, Kasirajan V, Flattery M, Crowley S (2006) Administration of rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin during cardiopulmonary bypass: a novel approach to the highly sensitized cardiac transplant patient. J Heart Lung Transplant 25:608–610

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pendley C, Schantz A, Wagner C (2003) Immunogenicity of therapeutic antibodies. Curr Opin Mol Ther 5:172–179

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preville X, Flacher M, LeMauff B, Beauchard S, Davelu P, Tiollier J, Revillard JP (2001) Mechanisms involved in antithymocyte globulin immunosuppressive activity in a nonhuman primate model. Transplantation 71:460–468

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rainey GJ, Young JAT (2004) Antitoxins: novel strategies to target agents of bioterrorism. Nat Rev Microbiol 2:721–726

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Regan J, Campbell K, van Smith L, Pouletty P, Schroeder TJ, Guttmann RD, Buelow R (1997) Characterization of anti-thymoglobulin, anti-ATGAM, and anti-OKT3 IgG antibodies in human serum with an 11-min ELISA. Transpl Immunol 5:49–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reichert JM, Dewitz MC (2006) Anti-infective monoclonal antibodies: perils and promise of development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 5:191–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reichert JM, Rosensweig CJ, Faden LB, Dewitz MC (2005) Monoclonal antibody successes in the clinic. Nat Biotechnol 23:1073–1078

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhode H, Knobloch JK, Horstkotte MA, Mack D (2001) Correlation of Staphylococcus aureus icaADBC genotype and biofilm expression phenotype. J Clin Microbiol 39:4595–4596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringleb PA (2006) Thrombolytics, anticoagulants, and antiplatelet agents. Stroke 37:312–313

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robert F, Ezekiel MP, Spencer SA, Meredith RF, Bonner JA, Khazaeli MB, Saleh MN, Carey D, LoBuglio AF, Wheeler RH, Cooper MR, Waksal HW (2001) Phase I study of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody cetuximab in combination with radiation therapy in patients with advanced head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol 19:3234–3243

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sapra P, Allen TM (2004) Improved outcome when B-cell lymphoma is treated with combination of immunoliposomal anticancer drugs targeted to both the CD18 and CD20 epitopes. Clin Cancer Res 10:2530–2537

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato TA, Widmer MB, Finkelman FD, Madani H, Jacobs CA, Grabstein KH, Maliszewski CR (1993) Recombinant soluble murine IL-4 receptor can inhibit or enhance IgE responses in vivo. J Immunol 150:2717

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer R, Sheil JM (1995) Superantigens and their role in infectious disease. Adv Pediatr Infect Dis 10:369–390

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shields RL, Namenuk AK, Hong K, Meng YG, Rae J, Briggs J, Xie D, Lai J, Stadlen A, Li B, Fox JA, Presta LG (2001) High resolution mapping of the binding site of human IgG1 for Fc gamma RI, Fc gamma RII, Fc gamma RIII and FcRn and designs of IgG1 variants with improved biding to the FC gamma R. J Biol Chem 276:6591–6604

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson KH, Bowden G, Hook M, Anvari B (2003) Measurement of adhesive forces between individual Staphylococcus aureus MSCRAMMs and protein-coated surfaces by use of optical tweezers. J Bacteriol 185:2031–2035

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S, Fuchs H, Paton V, Bajamonde A, Fleming T, Eiermann W, Wolter J, Pegram M, Baselga J, Norton L (2001) Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. N Engl J Med 344:783–792

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan A, Dick JD, Perl TM (2002) Vancomycin resistance in Staphylococci. Clin Microbiol Rev 15:430–438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein R, Zhengxing Q, Chen S, Rosario A, Shi V, Hayes M, Horak ID, Hansen HJ, Goldenberg DM (2004) Characterization of a new humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, IMMU-106, and its use in combination with the humanized anti-CD22 antibody, epratuzumab, for the therapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 10:2868–2878

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sunada H, Magun BE, Mendelson J, MacLeod CL (1986) Monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor is internalized without stimulating receptor phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:3825–3829

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson A, Zitener HJ (1993) Enhancement of the biologic effects of interleukin-3 in vivo by anti-interleukin-3 antibodies. Blood 82:1133

    Google Scholar 

  • Tulpule A (2005) Multidrug resistance in AIDS-related lymphoma. Curr Opin Oncol 17:466–468

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umana P, Jean-Maret J, Moudry R, Amstutz H, Bailey JE (1999) Engineered glycoforms of an antineuroblastoma IgG1 with optimized antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic activity. Nat Biotechnol 17:176–180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vasir JK, Labhasetwar V (2005) Targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 4:363–374

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal L, Attard G, Kaye S, De Bono J (2004) Reversing resistance to targeted therapy. J Chemother 26(4):7–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent M (2006) Tesmilifene may enhance breast cancer chemotherapy by killing a clone of aggressive, multi-drug resistant cells through its action on the p-glycoprotein pump. Med Hypotheses 66:715–7131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vose JM, Link BK, Grossbard ML, Czuczman M, Grillo-Lopez A, Gilman P, Lowe A, Kunkel LA, Fisher RI (2001) Phase II study of rituximab in combination with CHOP chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated, aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 19:389–397

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wann ER, Pohlmann-Dietze P, Steinhuber A, Chien YT, Manna A, van Wamel W, Cheung A (2000) Agr-independent regulation of fibronectin-binding protein(s) by the regulatory locus sar in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 36:230–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster A, Pankhurst T, Rinaldi F, Chapman JR, Craig JC (2006) Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD004756

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weill JC, Reynaud CA (1996) Rearrangement/hypermutation/gene conversion: when, where and why? Immunol Today 17:92–97

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weng WK, Levy R (2003) Two immunoglobulin G fragment C receptor polymorphisms independently predict response to rituximab in patients with follicular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 21:3940–3947

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiberg FC, Rasmussen SK, Frandsen TP, Rasmussen LK, Tengbjerg K, Coljee VW, Sharon J, Yang CY, Bregenholt S, Nielsen LS, Haurum JS, Tostrup AB (2006) Production of target-specific recombinant human polyclonal antibodies in mammalian cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 94:396–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu AM, Senter PD (2005) Arming antibodies: prospects and challenges for immunoconjugates. Nat Biotechnol 23:1137–1146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Therapeutic Human Polyclonals Inc., 2105 Landings Drive, 94043, Mountain View, CA, USA

    R. Buelow & W. van Schooten

Authors
  1. R. Buelow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. W. van Schooten
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Buelow .

Editor information

A. Radbruch H.-D. Volk K. Asadullah W.-D. Doecke

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag

About this paper

Cite this paper

Buelow, R., van Schooten, W. (2007). The Future of Antibody Therapy. In: Radbruch, A., Volk, HD., Asadullah, K., Doecke, WD. (eds) Immunotherapy in 2020. Ernst Schering Foundation Symposium Proceedings, vol 2006/4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/2789_2007_040

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/2789_2007_040

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-70850-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-70851-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation