Skip to main content

Incidental Findings on Abdominal CT

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Incidental Radiological Findings

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

  • 909 Accesses

Abstract

Abdominal CT examinations usually cover the entire abdomen and pelvis, including all organs and tissues in the intraperitoneal, retroperitoneal, extraperitoneal/pelvic spaces, as well as the extra-abdominal soft tissues; bony structures of the spine, sacrum, pelvis, and hips; and lower part of the chest including parts of the lungs and pleural spaces. The multitude of organs and tissues involved makes abdominal CT reading complex and allows for a multitude of incidental findings that may be of degenerative, neoplastic, or other etiologies. Although scanning is sometimes limited to only the “abdomen” or only the “pelvis,” “abdominal CT” in this chapter refers to abdominal-pelvic CT, i.e., both compartments.

The original version of this chapter was revised. Water marks and line numbers have been removed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdi R et al (2003) Correlation between glomerular size and long-term renal function in patients with substantial loss of renal mass. J Urol 170(1):42–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abecassis M et al (1985) Serendipitous adrenal masses: prevalence, significance, and management. Am J Surg 149(6):783–788

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al Harbi F et al (2016) Enhancement threshold of small (< 4 cm) solid renal masses on CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 206(3):554–558

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alghofaily KA et al (2017) Hepatic hydatid disease complications: review of imaging findings and clinical implications. Abdom Radiol (NY) 42(1): 199–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Annaiah TK et al (2012) Histology and prevalence of ovarian tumours in postmenopausal women: is follow-up required in all cases? J Obstet Gynaecol 32(3):267–270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badiani S et al (2013) Extracolonic findings (ECF) on CT colonography (CTC) in patients presenting with colorectal symptoms. Acta Radiol 54(8):851–862

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bae JM (2015) Epidemiological evidences on overdiagnosis of prostate and kidney cancers in Korean. Epidemiol Health 37:e2015015

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bagrodia A et al (2012) Risk prediction in the management of small renal masses. Curr Opin Urol 22(5):347–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berbaum KS et al (1990) Satisfaction of search in diagnostic radiology. Invest Radiol 25(2):133–140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berland LL et al (2010) Managing incidental findings on abdominal CT: white paper of the ACR incidental findings committee. J Am Coll Radiol 7(10):754–773

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bodelle B et al (2016) Benefits of sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction in 0.4 mSv ultra-low-dose CT of the upper abdomen following transarterial chemoembolisation: comparison to low-dose and standard-dose CT and filtered back projection technique. Clin Radiol 71(1):e11–e15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonde AA et al (2016) Radiological appearances of corpus luteum cysts and their imaging mimics. Abdom Radiol (NY) 41(11):2270–2282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosniak MA (1986) The current radiological approach to renal cysts. Radiology 158(1):1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyce CJ et al (2010) Hepatic steatosis (fatty liver disease) in asymptomatic adults identified by unenhanced low-dose CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194(3):623–628

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell SC et al (2009) Guideline for management of the clinical T1 renal mass. J Urol 182(4):1271–1279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carrim ZI, Murchison JT (2003) The prevalence of simple renal and hepatic cysts detected by spiral computed tomography. Clin Radiol 58(8):626–629

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cavallaro A et al (2014) Managing the incidentally detected gallbladder cancer: algorithms and controversies. Int J Surg 12(Suppl 2):S108–S119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chow LC et al (2007) Split-bolus MDCT urography with synchronous nephrographic and excretory phase enhancement. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189(2):314–322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Onofrio M et al (2015) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of focal liver lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 205(1):W56–W66

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dinnes J et al (2016) Management of Endocrine Disease: imaging for the diagnosis of malignancy in incidentally discovered adrenal masses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 175(2):R51–R64

    Google Scholar 

  • EASL-EORTC (2012) EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 56(4):908–943

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fassnacht M et al (2016) Management of adrenal incidentalomas: European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 175(2):G1–g34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaetke-Udager K et al (2016) Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound, contrast-enhanced CT, and conventional MRI for differentiating leiomyoma from leiomyosarcoma. Acad Radiol 23(10):1290–1297

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geramoutsos I et al (2004) Clinical correlation of prostatic lithiasis with chronic pelvic pain syndromes in young adults. Eur Urol 45(3):333–337; discussion 337–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghanouni A et al (2012) Public perceptions and preferences for CT colonography or colonoscopy in colorectal cancer screening. Patient Educ Couns 89(1):116–121

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glazer DI et al (2015) Mass-like peripheral zone enhancement on CT is predictive of higher-grade (Gleason 4 + 3 and higher) prostate cancer. Abdom Imaging 40(3):560–570

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glodny B et al (2012) Prediction of the presence of renal artery stenosis by calcium scoring of the abdominal aorta. Eur J Radiol 81(7):1393–1399

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman M et al (2012) Incidentally discovered solid pancreatic masses: imaging and clinical observations. Abdom Imaging 37(1):91–97

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grazioli L et al (2001) Hepatic adenomas: imaging and pathologic findings. Radiographics 21(4):877–892; discussion 892–874

    Google Scholar 

  • Grazioli L et al (2005) Accurate differentiation of focal nodular hyperplasia from hepatic adenoma at gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging: prospective study. Radiology 236(1):166–177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman J et al (2008) Efficacy of contrast-enhanced CT in assessing the endometrium. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191(3):664–669

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn L et al (2015) Longitudinal changes in liver fat content in asymptomatic adults: hepatic attenuation on unenhanced CT as an imaging biomarker for steatosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 205(6):1167–1172

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Halligan S et al (2015) Identification of Extracolonic Pathologies by Computed Tomographic Colonography in Colorectal Cancer Symptomatic Patients. Gastroenterology 149(1):89–101.e105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammarstedt L et al (2010) Adrenal lesion frequency: a prospective, cross-sectional CT study in a defined region, including systematic re-evaluation. Acta Radiol 51(10):1149–1156

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammarstedt L et al (2012) Adrenal lesions in patients with extra-adrenal malignancy – benign or malignant? Acta Oncol 51(2):215–221

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammarstedt L et al (2013) Adrenal lesions: variability in attenuation over time, between scanners, and between observers. Acta Radiol 54(7):817–826

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardcastle JD et al (1986) Fecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer in the general population. Results of a controlled trial. Cancer 58(2):397–403

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helenius M et al (2016) Comparison of post contrast CT urography phases in bladder cancer detection. Eur Radiol 26(2):585–591

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heller MT et al (2013) Managing incidental findings on abdominal and pelvic CT and MRI, part 3: white paper of the ACR Incidental Findings Committee II on splenic and nodal findings. J Am Coll Radiol 10:833–839

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellstrom M et al (2004) Extracolonic and incidental findings on CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy). AJR Am J Roentgenol 182(3):631–638

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hindman NM (2015) Approach to very small (<1.5 cm) cystic renal lesions: ignore, observe, or treat? AJR Am J Roentgenol 204(6):1182–1189

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain SM et al (2004) Focal nodular hyperplasia: findings at state-of-the-art MR imaging, US, CT, and pathologic analysis. Radiographics 24(1):3–17; discussion 18–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Israel GM, Bosniak MA (2003) Follow-up CT of moderately complex cystic lesions of the kidney (Bosniak category IIF). AJR Am J Roentgenol 181(3):627–633

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jia JB et al (2016) Prostate cancer on computed tomography: a direct comparison with multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging and tissue pathology. Eur J Radiol 85(1):261–267

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jinzaki M et al (2014) Renal angiomyolipoma: a radiological classification and update on recent developments in diagnosis and management. Abdom Imaging 39(3):588–604

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kang SK et al (2014) Performance of multidetector CT in the evaluation of the endometrium: measurement of endometrial thickness and detection of disease. Clin Radiol 69(11):1123–1128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karlo CA et al (2016) Renal cell carcinoma: a nomogram for the CT imaging-inclusive prediction of indolent, non-clear cell renal cortical tumours. Eur J Cancer 59:57–64

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Katabathina VS et al (2010) Adult renal cystic disease: a genetic, biological, and developmental primer. Radiographics 30(6):1509–1523

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kauhanen S et al (2015) Accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT, multidetector CT, and MR imaging in the diagnosis of pancreatic cysts: a prospective single-center study. J Nucl Med 56(8):1163–1168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamoto S et al (2015) CT detection of symptomatic and asymptomatic Meckel diverticulum. AJR Am J Roentgenol 205(2):281–291

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan KY et al (2007) Frequency and impact of extracolonic findings detected at computed tomographic colonography in a symptomatic population. Br J Surg 94(3):355–361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khosa F et al (2013) Managing incidental findings on abdominal and pelvic CT and MRI, Part 2: white paper of the ACR Incidental Findings Committee II on vascular findings. J Am Coll Radiol 10(10):789–794

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim H et al (2015) Clinical correlates of mass effect in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. PLoS One 10(12):e0144526

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura W et al (1995) Analysis of small cystic lesions of the pancreas. Int J Pancreatol 18(3):197–206

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kronborg O et al (1996) Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet 348(9040):1467–1471

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumamaru KK et al (2014) Incidental findings detection using low tube potential for CT pulmonary angiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 30(8):1579–1588

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laffan TA et al (2008) Prevalence of unsuspected pancreatic cysts on MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191(3):802–807

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lattin GE Jr et al (2014) From the radiologic pathology archives: adrenal tumors and tumor-like conditions in the adult: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 34(3):805–829

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KS, Sekhar A, Rofsky NM, Pedrosa I (2010) Prevalence of incidental pancreatic cysts in the adult population on MR imaging. Am J Gastroenterol 105(9):2079–2084

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine D et al (2010) Management of asymptomatic ovarian and other adnexal cysts imaged at US Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus conference statement. Ultrasound Q 26(3):121–131

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin EP et al (2008) Diagnostic clues to ectopic pregnancy. Radiographics 28(6):1661–1671

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lumbreras B et al (2010) Incidental findings in imaging diagnostic tests: a systematic review. Br J Radiol 83(988):276–289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Macari M et al (2011) CT colonography in senior versus nonsenior patients: extracolonic findings, recommendations for additional imaging, and polyp prevalence. Radiology 259(3):767–774

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandel JS et al (1993) Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med 328(19):1365–1371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marino JL et al (2004) Uterine leiomyoma and menstrual cycle characteristics in a population-based cohort study. Hum Reprod 19(10):2350–2355

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marrero JA et al (2014) ACG clinical guideline: the diagnosis and management of focal liver lesions. Am J Gastroenterol 109(9):1328–1347; quiz 1348

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marrone G et al (2012) Multidisciplinary imaging of liver hydatidosis. World J Gastroenterol 18(13):1438–1447

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McFarland EG et al (1994) Hepatic hemangiomas and malignant tumors: improved differentiation with heavily T2-weighted conventional spin-echo MR imaging. Radiology 193(1):43–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mellnick VM et al (2015) Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder: disease spectrum with pathologic correlation. Radiographics 35(2):387–399

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Metser U et al (2012) Detection of urothelial tumors: comparison of urothelial phase with excretory phase CT urography – a prospective study. Radiology 264(1):110–118

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mihara S et al (1999) Early detection of renal cell carcinoma by ultrasonographic screening – based on the results of 13 years screening in Japan. Ultrasound Med Biol 25(7):1033–1039

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mocchegiani F et al (2016) Prevalence and clinical outcome of hepatic haemangioma with specific reference to the risk of rupture: a large retrospective cross-sectional study. Dig Liver Dis 48(3):309–314

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Modesitt SC et al (2003) Risk of malignancy in unilocular ovarian cystic tumors less than 10 centimeters in diameter. Obstet Gynecol 102(3):594–599

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mortele KJ et al (2000) CT and MR imaging findings in focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: radiologic-pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175(3):687–692

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moyle PL et al (2010) Nonovarian cystic lesions of the pelvis. Radiographics 30(4):921–938

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munigala S et al (2016) Risk of pancreatic cancer in patients with pancreatic cyst. Gastrointest Endosc 84(1):81–86

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muth A et al (2013) Patient-reported impacts of a conservative management programme for the clinically inapparent adrenal mass. Endocrine 44(1):228–236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muthusamy VR et al (2016) The role of endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of cystic pancreatic neoplasms. Gastrointest Endosc 84(1):1–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neri E et al (2013) The second ESGAR consensus statement on CT colonography. Eur Radiol 23(3):720–729

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Outwater EK et al (2001) Ovarian teratomas: tumor types and imaging characteristics. Radiographics 21(2):475–490

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel MD et al (2013) Managing incidental findings on abdominal and pelvic CT and MRI, part 1: white paper of the ACR Incidental Findings Committee II on adnexal findings. J Am Coll Radiol 10(9):675–681

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel J et al (2014) In vivo predictors of renal cyst pseudoenhancement at 120 kVp. AJR Am J Roentgenol 202(2):336–342

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pei Y et al (2009) Unified criteria for ultrasonographic diagnosis of ADPKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 20(1):205–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pei Y et al (2015) Imaging-based diagnosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 26(3):746–753

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pickhardt PJ, Hanson ME (2010) Incidental adnexal masses detected at low-dose unenhanced CT in asymptomatic women age 50 and older: implications for clinical management and ovarian cancer screening. Radiology 257(1):144–150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pickhardt PJ et al (2007) Extracolonic tumors of the gastrointestinal tract detected incidentally at screening CT colonography. Dis Colon Rectum 50(1):56–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pickhardt PJ et al (2009) CT colonography to screen for colorectal cancer and aortic aneurysm in the Medicare population: cost-effectiveness analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 192(5):1332–1340

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pickhardt PJ et al (2010) Colorectal and extracolonic cancers detected at screening CT colonography in 10,286 asymptomatic adults. Radiology 255(1):83–88

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plumb AA et al (2014) Detection of extracolonic pathologic findings with CT colonography: a discrete choice experiment of perceived benefits versus harms. Radiology 273(1):144–152

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pooler BD et al (2016a) Indeterminate but likely unimportant extracolonic findings at screening CT colonography (C-RADS Category E3): incidence and outcomes data from a clinical screening program. AJR Am J Roentgenol 207(5):996–1001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pooler BD et al (2016b) Potentially important extracolonic findings at screening CT colonography: incidence and outcomes data from a clinical screening program. AJR Am J Roentgenol 206(2):313–318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Priola AM et al (2013) Clinical implications and added costs of incidental findings in an early detection study of lung cancer by using low-dose spiral computed tomography. Clin Lung Cancer 14(2):139–148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qian LJ et al (2013) Spectrum of multilocular cystic hepatic lesions: CT and MR imaging findings with pathologic correlation. Radiographics 33(5):1419–1433

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raman SP, Fishman EK (2014) Bladder malignancies on CT: the underrated role of CT in diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 203(2):347–354

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramanathan S et al (2016) Multi-modality imaging review of congenital abnormalities of kidney and upper urinary tract. World J Radiol 8(2):132–141

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rinaldi MF et al (2010) Incidental lung nodules on CT examinations of the abdomen: prevalence and reporting rates in the PACS era. Eur J Radiol 74(3):e84–e88

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenkrantz AB (2017) Differences in perceptions among radiologists, referring physicians, and patients regarding language for incidental findings reporting. AJR Am J Roentgenol 208:140–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabate JM et al (1999) Sclerosing mesenteritis: imaging findings in 17 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172(3):625–629

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sconfienza LM et al (2015) Relevant incidental findings at abdominal multi-detector contrast-enhanced computed tomography: a collateral screening? World J Radiol 7(10):350–356

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sebastian S et al (2013) Managing incidental findings on abdominal and pelvic CT and MRI, Part 4: white paper of the ACR Incidental Findings Committee II on gallbladder and biliary findings. J Am Coll Radiol 10(12):953–956

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song JH et al (2008) The incidental adrenal mass on CT: prevalence of adrenal disease in 1,049 consecutive adrenal masses in patients with no known malignancy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 190(5):1163–1168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stitt IA et al (2009) Incidental gynecological findings on computed tomographic colonography: prevalence and outcomes. Gynecol Oncol 115(1):138–141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Surov A et al (2014) Non-osseous incidental findings in low-dose whole-body CT in patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Radiol 87(1041):20140185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Swedish National Quality Registry for Renal Cancer (2015) http://www.cancercentrum.se/samverkan/cancerdiagnoser/urinvagar/njurcancer/kvalitetsregister/

  • Tanaka M et al (2012) International consensus guidelines 2012 for the management of IPMN and MCN of the pancreas. Pancreatology 12(3):183–197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tappouni R et al (2012) Pseudoenhancement of renal cysts: influence of lesion size, lesion location, slice thickness, and number of MDCT detectors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 198(1):133–137

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson RH et al (2009) Metastatic renal cell carcinoma risk according to tumor size. J Urol 182(1):41–45

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Timmerman D et al (2005) Logistic regression model to distinguish between the benign and malignant adnexal mass before surgery: a multicenter study by the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis Group. J Clin Oncol 23(34):8794–8801

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tolan DJ et al (2007) Replacing barium enema with CT colonography in patients older than 70 years: the importance of detecting extracolonic abnormalities. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189(5):1104–1111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuboi N et al (2000) Renal masses detected by general health checkup. Int J Urol 7(11):404–408

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valentin L et al (2003) Frequency and type of adnexal lesions in autopsy material from postmenopausal women: ultrasound study with histological correlation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 22(3):284–289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valsangkar NP et al (2012) 851 resected cystic tumors of the pancreas: a 33-year experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Surgery 152(3 Suppl 1):S4–12

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Molen AJ et al (2008) CT urography: definition, indications and techniques. A guideline for clinical practice. Eur Radiol 18(1):4–17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veerappan GR et al (2010) Extracolonic findings on CT colonography increases yield of colorectal cancer screening. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195(3):677–686

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent JM et al (1994) The size of normal adrenal glands on computed tomography. Clin Radiol 49(7):453–455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welch HG, Black WC (2010) Overdiagnosis in cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 102(9):605–613

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood CG 3rd et al (2015) CT and MR imaging for evaluation of cystic renal lesions and diseases. Radiographics 35(1):125–141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodfield CA et al (2009) CT features of adenomyosis. Eur J Radiol 72(3):464–469

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong T et al (2006) Resources and costs associated with incidental extracolonic findings from CT colonography: a study in a symptomatic population. Br J Radiol 79(948):948–961

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu AD et al (2010) Significance of upper urinary tract urothelial thickening and filling defect seen on MDCT urography in patients with a history of urothelial neoplasms. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195(4):959–965

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yau TY et al (2014) Is intravenous contrast necessary for detection of clinically significant extracolonic findings in patients undergoing CT colonography? Br J Radiol 87(1036):20130667

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yitta S et al (2011) Normal or abnormal? Demystifying uterine and cervical contrast enhancement at multidetector CT. Radiographics 31(3):647–661

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaheer A et al (2013) Incidentally detected cystic lesions of the pancreas on CT: review of literature and management suggestions. Abdom Imaging 38(2):331–341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zalis ME et al (2005) CT colonography reporting and data system: a consensus proposal. Radiology 236(1):3–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The author is grateful for constructive review of parts of the manuscript provided by radiology colleagues Mats Andersson, Kjell Geterud, Henrik Leonhardt, and Fredrik Thorén Thorén, all at the Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mikael Hellström MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hellström, M. (2017). Incidental Findings on Abdominal CT. In: Weckbach, S. (eds) Incidental Radiological Findings. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2016_97

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2016_97

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42579-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-42581-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics