Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Radiat Oncol))

  • 4910 Accesses

Abstract

The anal canal is about 4 cm in length and extends from the anorectal ring (palpable border of anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle) superiorly to the anal verge distally. The anal verge is the junction of the nonkeratinized squamous epithelium of the distal anal canal and the keratinized hair-bearing skin.

An erratum to this chapter is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05726-2_1025

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ajani JA, Winter KA, Gunderson LL et al (2008) Fluorouracil, mitomycin, and radiotherapy vs fluorouracil, cisplatin, and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the anal canal: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299(16):1914–1921

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelink H, Roelofsen F, Eschwege F et al (1997) Concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced anal cancer: results of a phase III randomized trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiotherapy and Gastrointestinal Cooperative Groups. J Clin Oncol 15(5):2040–2049

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bazan JG, Luxton G, Mok EC, Koong AC, Chang DT (2012) Normal tissue complication probability modeling of acute hematologic toxicity in patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 84(3):700–706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bazan JG, Luxton G, Kozak MM et al (2013) Impact of chemotherapy on normal tissue complication probability models of acute hematologic toxicity in patients receiving pelvic intensity modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 87(5):983–991

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daly ME, Murphy JD, Mok E, Christman-Skieller C, Koong AC, Chang DT (2011) Rectal and bladder deformation and displacement during preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: are current margin guidelines adequate for conformal therapy? Pract Radiat Oncol 1(2):85–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epidermoid anal cancer: results from the UKCCCR randomised trial of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy, 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin. UKCCCR Anal Cancer Trial Working Party. UK Co-ordinating Committee on Cancer Research (1996) Lancet 348(9034):1049–1054

    Google Scholar 

  • Flam M, John M, Pajak TF et al (1996) Role of mitomycin in combination with fluorouracil and radiotherapy, and of salvage chemoradiation in the definitive nonsurgical treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal: results of a phase III randomized intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 14(9):2527–2539

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gay HA, Barthold HJ, O’Meara E et al (2012) Pelvic normal tissue contouring guidelines for radiation therapy: a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group consensus panel atlas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83(3):e353–e362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilroy JS, Amdur RJ, Louis DA, Li JG, Mendenhall WM (2004) Irradiating the groin nodes without breaking a leg: a comparison of techniques for groin node irradiation. Med Dosim 29(4):258–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson LL, Winter KA, Ajani JA et al (2012) Long-term update of US GI intergroup RTOG 98-11 phase III trial for anal carcinoma: survival, relapse, and colostomy failure with concurrent chemoradiation involving fluorouracil/mitomycin versus fluorouracil/cisplatin. J Clin Oncol 30(35):4344–4351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James RD, Glynne-Jones R, Meadows HM et al (2013) Mitomycin or cisplatin chemoradiation with or without maintenance chemotherapy for treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus (ACT II): a randomised, phase 3, open-label, 2 x 2 factorial trial. Lancet Oncol 14(6):516–524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kachnic LA, Winter K, Myerson RJ et al (2013) RTOG 0529: a phase 2 evaluation of dose-painted intensity modulated radiation therapy in combination with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin-C for the reduction of acute morbidity in carcinoma of the anal canal. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 86(1):27–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks LB, Yorke ED, Jackson A et al (2010) Use of normal tissue complication probability models in the clinic. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 76(3 Suppl):S10–S19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mell LK, Kochanski JD, Roeske JC et al (2006) Dosimetric predictors of acute hematologic toxicity in cervical cancer patients treated with concurrent cisplatin and intensity-modulated pelvic radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 66(5):1356–1365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mell LK, Schomas DA, Salama JK et al (2008) Association between bone marrow dosimetric parameters and acute hematologic toxicity in anal cancer patients treated with concurrent chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70(5):1431–1437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myerson RJ, Garofalo MC, El Naqa I et al (2009) Elective clinical target volumes for conformal therapy in anorectal cancer: a radiation therapy oncology group consensus panel contouring atlas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 74(3):824–830

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng M, Leong T, Chander S et al (2012) Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group (AGITG) contouring atlas and planning guidelines for intensity-modulated radiotherapy in anal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83(5):1455–1462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose BS, Liang Y, Lau SK et al (2012) Correlation between radiation dose to (1)(8)F-FDG-PET defined active bone marrow subregions and acute hematologic toxicity in cervical cancer patients treated with chemoradiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83(4):1185–1191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor A, Rockall AG, Reznek RH, Powell ME (2005) Mapping pelvic lymph nodes: guidelines for delineation in intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 63(5):1604–1612

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel T. Cang MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bazan, J.G., Koong, A.C., Cang, D.T. (2014). Anal Canal Cancer. In: Lee, N.Y., Riaz, N., Lu, J.J. (eds) Target Volume Delineation for Conformal and Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2014_980

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2014_980

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-05725-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-05726-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics