Abstract
The study of the path coloring problem is motivated by the allocation of optical bandwidth to communication requests in all-optical networks that utilize Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). WDM technology establishes communication between pairs of network nodes by establishing transmitter-receiver paths and assigning wavelengths to each path so that no two paths going through the same fiber link use the same wavelength. Optical bandwidth is the number of distinct wavelengths. Since state-of-the-art technology allows for a limited number of wavelengths, the engineering problem to be solved is to establish communication minimizing the total number of wavelengths used. This is known as the wavelength routing problem. In the case where the underlying network is a tree, it is equivalent to the path coloring problem.
We survey recent advances on the path coloring problem in both undirected and bidirected trees. We present hardness results and lower bounds for the general problem covering also the special case of sets of symmetric paths (corresponding to the important case of symmetric communication). We give an overview of the main ideas of deterministic greedy algorithms and point out their limitations. For bidirected trees, we present recent results about the use of randomization for path coloring and outline approximation algorithms that find path colorings by exploiting fractional path colorings. Also, we discuss upper and lower bounds on the performance of on-line algorithms.
This work was partially supported by the European Union under IST FET Project CRESCCO.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aggarwal, A., Bar-Noy, A., Coppersmith, D., Ramaswami, R., Schieber, B., Sudan, M.: Efficient Routing and Scheduling Algorithms for Optical Networks. Journal of the ACM 43(6), 973–1001 (1996)
Auletta, V., Caragiannis, I., Kaklamanis, C., Persiano, P.: Randomized Path Coloring on Binary Trees. Theoretical Computer Science 289(1), 355–399 (2002)
Aumann, Y., Rabani, Y.: Improved Bounds for All Optical Routing. In: Proc. of the 6th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA 1995), pp. 567–576 (1995)
Bartal, Y., Leonardi, S.: On-Line Routing in All-Optical Networks. Theoretical Computer Science 221(1-2), 19–39 (1999)
Beauquier, B., Bermond, J.-C., Gargano, L., Hell, P., Perennes, S., Vaccaro, U.: Graph Problems Arising from Wavelength-Routing in All-Optical Networks. In: 2nd Workshop on Optics and Computer Science (WOCS 1997) (1997)
Berge, C.: Graphs and Hypergraphs. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1973)
Bermond, J.-C., Gargano, L., Perennes, S., Rescigno, A.A., Vaccaro, U.: Efficient Collective Communication in Optical Networks. Theoretical Compute Science 233(1-2), 165–189 (2000)
Caragiannis, I., Ferreira, A., Kaklamanis, C., Perennes, S., Rivano, H.: Fractional Path Coloring with Applications to WDM Networks. In: Orejas, F., Spirakis, P.G., van Leeuwen, J. (eds.) ICALP 2001. LNCS, vol. 2076, pp. 732–743. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Caragiannis, I., Kaklamanis, C.: Approximate Path Coloring with Applications to Wavelength Assignment in WDM Optical Networks. In: Diekert, V., Habib, M. (eds.) STACS 2004. LNCS, vol. 2996, pp. 258–269. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Caragiannis, I., Kaklamanis, C., Persiano, P.: Symmetric Communication in All-Optical Tree Networks. Parallel Processing Letters 10(4), 305–314 (2000)
Caragiannis, I., Kaklamanis, C., Persiano, P.: Edge Coloring of Bipartite Graphs with Constraints. Theoretical Computer Science 270(1-2), 361–399 (2002)
Caragiannis, I., Kaklamanis, C., Persiano, P.: Bounds on Optical Bandwidth Allocation in Directed Fiber Tree Topologies. In: 2nd Workshop on Optics and Computer Science (1997)
Caragiannis, I., Kaklamanis, C., Persiano, P., Sidiropoulos, A.: Fractional and Integral Coloring of Locally-Symmetric Sets of Paths on Binary Trees. In: Solis-Oba, R., Jansen, K. (eds.) WAOA 2003. LNCS, vol. 2909, pp. 81–94. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Erlebach, T., Jansen, K.: The Complexity of Path Coloring and Call Scheduling. Theoretical Computer Science 255, 33–50 (2001)
Erlebach, T., Jansen, K., Kaklamanis, C., Mihail, M., Persiano, P.: Optimal Wavelength Routing on Directed Fiber Trees. Theoretical Computer Science 221(1-2), 119–137 (1999)
Garey, M.R., Johnson, D.S., Miller, G.L., Papadimitriou, C.H.: The Complexity of Coloring Circular Arcs and Chords. SIAM Journal of Algebraic Discrete Methods 1(2), 216–227 (1980)
Gargano, L., Hell, P., Perennes, S.: Colouring All Directed Paths in a Symmetric Tree with Applications to WDM Routing. In: Degano, P., Gorrieri, R., Marchetti-Spaccamela, A. (eds.) ICALP 1997. LNCS, vol. 1256, pp. 505–515. Springer, Heidelberg (1997)
Golumbic, M.C., Jamison, R.E.: The Edge Intersection Graphs of Paths in a Tree. Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series B 38(1), 8–22 (1985)
Green, P.E.: Fiber-Optic Communication Networks. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1992)
Grötschel, M., Lovász, L., Schrijver, A.: The ellipsoid method and its consequences in combinatorial optimization. Combinatorica 1, 169–197 (1981)
Holyer, I.: The NP-Completeness of Edge Coloring. SIAM Journal of Computing 10(4), 718–720 (1981)
Jansen, K.: Approximation Results for Wavelength Routing in Directed Binary Trees. In: 2nd Workshop on Optics and Computer Science (1997)
Irani, S.: Coloring Inductive Graphs On-line. Algorithmica 11(1), 53–72 (1994)
Karapetian, I.A.: On the Coloring of Circular Arc Graphs. Akad. Nauk Armeyan SSR Doklady 70(5), 306–311 (1980) (in Russian)
Klasing, R.: Methods and Problems of Wavelength-Routing in All-Optical Networks. In: Proc. of MFCS 1998 Workshop on Communication, pp. 1–9 (1998)
Kleinberg, J., Tardos, E.: Disjoint Paths in Densely Embedded Graphs. In: Proc. of the 36th Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS 1995), pp. 52–61 (1995)
Kumar, V.: An Approximation Algorithm for Circular Arc Coloring. Algorithmica 30(3), 406–417 (2001)
Kumar, S.R., Panigrahy, R., Russell, A., Sundaram, R.: A Note on Optical Routing in Trees. Information Processing Letters 62, 295–300 (1997)
Kumar, E., Schwabe, E.: Improved Access to Optical Bandwidth in Trees. In: Proc. of the 8th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA 1997), pp. 437–444 (1997)
Leonardi, S., Vitaletti, A.: Randomized Lower Bounds for On-line Path Coloring. In: Rolim, J.D.P., Serna, M., Luby, M. (eds.) RANDOM 1998. LNCS, vol. 1518, pp. 232–247. Springer, Heidelberg (1998)
Minoli, D.: Telecommunications Technology Handbook, Artech House (1991)
Nishizeki, T., Kashiwagi, K.: On the 1.1 Edge-Coloring of Multigraphs. SIAM Journal of Discrete Mathematics 3(3), 391–410 (1990)
Pankaj, R.: Architectures for Linear Lightwave Networks. PhD. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge MA (1992)
Rabani, Y.: Path Coloring on the Mesh. In: Proc. of the 37th IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS 1996), pp. 400–409 (1996)
Raghavan, P., Upfal, E.: Efficient Routing in All-Optical Networks. In: Proc. of the 26th Annual ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing (STOC 1994), pp. 133–143 (1994)
Ramaswami, R., Sivarajan, K.: Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective. Morgan Kauffman Publishers, San Francisco (1998)
Shannon, C.E.: A Theorem on Colouring Lines of a Network. J. Math. Phys. 28, 148–151 (1949)
Tucker, A.: Coloring a Family of Circular Arcs. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 29(3), 493–502 (1975)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Caragiannis, I., Kaklamanis, C., Persiano, G. (2006). Approximation Algorithms for Path Coloring in Trees. In: Bampis, E., Jansen, K., Kenyon, C. (eds) Efficient Approximation and Online Algorithms. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3484. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/11671541_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/11671541_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-32212-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-32213-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)