Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder. Diagnosis is currently made using a collection of information from multiple sources, many of which are subjective and not always correlated. This highlights the need for more objective tests of ADHD. We address this need with the development of a system for differentiation based on altered control of saccadic eye movements. Our hypothesis is that there is sufficient predictive information contained in eye movement data to allow for the application of a case-based reasoning (CBR) system capable of identifying meaningful groups of ADHD subjects. An iterative refinement methodology was used to incrementally improve a CBR system, resulting in a tool that could distinguish ADHD from control subjects with over 70% accuracy. Moreover, the incorrectly classified ADHD subjects demonstrated a decreased benefit from medication when compared to correctly classified subjects.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aamodt, A.: Modeling the knowledge contents of CBR systems, In: Proceedings of the Workshop Program at the Fourth International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning. Naval Research Lab Technical Note AIC-01-003, 32–37 (2001)
Althoff, K.D., Bergmann, R., Wess, S., Manago, M., Auriol, E., Larichev, O.I., Bolotov, A., et al.: Case-based reasoning for medical decision support tasks: The Inreca approach. Artif. Intell. Med. 12, 25–41 (1998)
American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington (1994)
Barkley, R.A.: ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control. Guilford, New York (1997)
Cantwell, D.P.: Attention deficit disorder: a review of the past 10 years. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc Psychiat. 35, 978–987 (1996)
Cheeseman, P., Kelly, J., Self, M., Stutz, J., Taylor, W., Freeman, D.: AutoClass: A Bayesian Classification System. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Machine Learning, June 12-14, 1988, pp. 54–64. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Ann Arbor (1988)
Cunningham, P., Bonzano, A.: Knowledge engineering issues in developing a case-based reasoning application. Knowl-Based Syst. 12, 371–379 (1999)
Dorris, M.C., Munoz, D.P.: A neural correlate for the gap effect on saccadic reaction times in monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 73, 2558–2562 (1995)
Fischer, B., Weber, H.: Express saccades and visual attention. Behav. Brain Sci. 16, 553–610 (1993)
Fischer, B., Biscaldi, M., Gezeck, S.: On the development of voluntary and reflexive components in human saccade generation. Brain Res. 754, 285–297 (1997)
Fischer, M., Newby, R., Gordon, M.P.: Who are the false negatives of the continuous performance tests? J. Clin. Child Psychol. 24(4), 427–433 (1995)
Frize, M., Walker, R.: Clinical decision-support systems for intensive care units using case-based reasoning. Med. Eng. Phys. 22, 671–677 (2000)
Halperin, J.M., Sharma, V., Greenblatt, E., Schwartz, S.T.: Assessment of the Continuous Performance Test: Reliability and Validity in a Nonreferred Sample. J. Consult Clin. Psychol. 3(4), 603–608 (1991)
Hartung, C.M., Willcutt, E.G., Lahey, B.B., Pelham, W.E., Loney, J., Stein, M.A., et al.: Sex differences in young children who meet criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Clin. Child Adolesc Psychol. 31(4), 453–464 (2002)
Jurisica, I., Glasgow, J.: Applying case-based reasoning to control in robotics. In: 3rd Robtics and Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop, St. Hubert, Quebec (1995)
Jurisica, I., Mylopoulos, J., Glasgow, J., Shapiro, H., Casper, R.F.: Case-based reasoning in IVF: prediction and knowledge mining. Artif. Intell. Med. 12, 1–24 (1998)
Jurisica, I., Rogers, P., Glasgow, J.I., Fortier, S., Luft, J.R., Wolfley, J.R., et al.: Intelligent decision support for protein crystal growth. IBM Syst. Jl 40(2), 394–409 (2001)
Kim, K., Han, I.: Maintaining case-based reasoning systems using a genetic algorithms approach. Expert Syst. Appl. 21, 139–145 (2001)
Kolodner, J.: Case-Based Reasoning. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc, San Mateo (1993)
Leigh, R.J., Kennard, C.: Using saccades as a research tool in the clinical neurosciences. Brain 127(3), 460–477 (2004)
Losier, B.J., McGrath, P.J., Klein, R.M.: Error patterns on the continuous performance test in non-medicated and medicated samples of children with and without ADHD: A meta-analytic review. J. Child Psychol. Psyc. 37, 971–987 (1996)
McGee, R.A., Clark, S.E., Symons, D.K.: Does the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test Aid in ADHD Diagnosis? J. Abnormal Child Psychol. 28(5), 415–424 (2000)
Mostofsky, S.H., Lasker, A.G., Cutting, L.E., Denckla, M.B., Zee, D.S.: Oculomotor abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A preliminary study, Neurology 57, 423–430 (2001)
Munoz, D.P., Broughton, J.R., Goldring, J.E., Armstrong, I.T.: Age-related performance of human subjects on saccadic eye movement tasks. Exp. Brain Res. 121, 391–400 (1998)
Munoz, D.P., Dorris, M.C., Paré, M., Everling, S.: On your mark, get set: Brainstem circuitry underlying saccadic initiation. Can J. Physiol. Pharocol. 78, 934–944 (2000)
Munoz, D.P., Armstrong, I.T., Hampton, K.A., Moore, K.D.: Altered Control of Visual Fixation and Saccadic Eye Movements in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J. Neurophysiol. 90, 503–514 (2003)
Paré, M., Munoz, D.P.: Saccadic reaction time in the monkey: advanced preparation of oculomotor programs is primarily responsible for express saccade occurrence. J. Neurophysiol. 76, 1–23 (1996)
Quay, H.C.: Inhibition and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J. Abnormal Child Psychol. 25(1), 7–13 (1997)
Rapoport, J.L., Castellanos, F.X.: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In: Weiner, J.M. (ed.) Diagnosis and Psychopharmacology of Childhood and Adolescent Disorders, 2nd edn., pp. 265–280. Wiley & Son, New York (1996)
Ross, R.G., Hommer, D., Breiger, D., Varley, C., Radant, A.: Eye movement task related to frontal lobe functioning in children with attention deficit disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33(6), 869–874 (1994)
Rosvold, H.E., Mirsky, A.E., Sarason, I., Bransome, E.D.J., Beck, L.H.: A continuous performance test of brain damage. J. Consult Clin. Psychol. 20, 343–350 (1956)
Schreiber, G., Wielinga, B., de Hoog, R., Akkermans, H., Van de Velde, W.: CommonKADS: a comprehensive methodology for KBS development. IEEE Expert 9(6), 8–37 (1994)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Brien, D., Glasgow, J., Munoz, D. (2005). The Application of a Case-Based Reasoning System to Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In: Muñoz-Ávila, H., Ricci, F. (eds) Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development. ICCBR 2005. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 3620. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/11536406_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/11536406_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-28174-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-31855-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)