Abstract
Population based studies of developmental programming of adulthood cardiovascular disease have implied associations between intrauterine growth restriction and a range of adulthood indices of cardiovascular dysfunction and risk. Whilst the emphasis has been on the programming of hypertension, there is also evidence for an impact of the early life environment on later development of vascular endothelial dilator dysfunction and associated risk factors including inflammatory and thrombogenic bio-markers, dyslipidaemia and vascular compliance. In animal models, researchers have been more circumspect in the cardiovascular parameters studied and it is not always possible to draw parallels with the human situation. There is, nonetheless, strong evidence for developmental programming of reduced endothelium dependent dilatation in a variety of models of maternal nutritional imbalance which share similarity with the human data and may imply an important role in the aetiology of developmentally induced cardiovascular risk. Studies of inflammatory bio-markers, lipid profiles and compliance in animal models are too few to allow comparison. Increasing evidence for altered sympathetic activity in man and animals provides an important channel for future research effort.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Hunt BJ, Jurd KM. The endothelium in health and disease. In: Hunt B, Poston L, Schachter M et al, eds. An Introduction to Vascular Biology. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Galley HF, Webster NR. Physiology of the Endothelium. Br J Anaesth 2004; 93:105–113.
Landmesser U, Hornig B, Drexler H. Endothelial function: A critical determinant in atherosclerosis? Circulation 2004; 109:27–33.
Hsueh WA, Lyon CJ, Quinones MJ. Insulin resistance and endothelium. Am J Med 2004; 117:109–117.
Chan N, Vallance P. Nitric Oxide. In: Hunt B, Poston L, Schachter M et al, eds. An Introduction to Vascular Biology. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Busse R, Edwards G, Feletou M et al. EDHF: Bringing the concepts together. Trends in Pharmacol Sci 2002; 23:374–380.
Halcox JPJ, Schenke WH, Zalos G et al. Prognostic value of coronary vascular endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 2002; 106:653–658.
Libby P. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Nature 2002; 420:868–874.
Anderson TJ, Uehata A, Gerhard MD et al. Close relation of endothelial function in the human coronary and peripheral circulations. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26:1235–1241.
Leeson CP, Whincupp PH, Cook DG et al. Flow-mediated dilatation in 9–11 year old children: The influence of intrauterine and childhood factors. Circulation 1997; 96:2233–2238.
Leeson CP, Katternhorm M, Morley R et al. Impact of low birthweight and cardiovascular risk factors on endothelial function in early adult life. Circulation 2001; 103:1264–1268.
Goodfellow J, Bellamy NF, Gorman ST et al. Endothelial function is impaired in fit young adults of low birthweight. Cardiovascular Research 1998; 40:600–606.
Martin H, Hu J, Gennser G et al. Impaired endothelial function and increased carotid stiffness in 9-year old children with low birthweight. Circulation 2000; 102:2739–2744.
Singhal A, Lucas A. Early origins of cardiovascular disease: Is there a unifying hypothesis? Lancet 2004; 363:1642–1645.
Singhal A, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M et al. Breastmilk feeding and lipoprotein profile in adolescents born preterm: Follow-up of a prospective randomised study. Lancet 2004; 15(363):1571–1578.
Brawley L, Itoh S, Torrens C et al. Dietary protein restriction in pregnancy induces hypertension and vascular defects in rat male offspring. Pediatr Res 2003; 54:83–90.
Brawley L, Torrens C, Anthony FW et al. Glycine rectifies vascular dysfunction induced by dietary protein imbalance in pregnancy. J Physiol 2004; 554:497–504.
Torrens C, Brawley L, Barker AC et al. Maternal protein restriction in the rat impairs resistance artery but not conduit artery function in pregnant offspring. J Physiol 2003; 15:77–84.
Jackson AA, Dunn RL, Marchand MC et al. Increased systolic blood pressure in rats induced by a maternal low-protein diet is reversed by dietary supplementation with glycine. Clin Sci (Lond) 2002; 103:633–639.
Lamireau D, Nuyt AM, Hou X et al. Altered vascular function in fetal programming of hypertension. Stroke 2002; 33:2992–2998.
Ozaki T, Hawkins P, Nishina H et al. Effects of undernutrition in early pregnancy on systemic small artery function in late-gestation fetal sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183:1301–1307.
Holemans K, Gerber R, Meurrens K et al. Maternal food restriction in the second half of pregnancy affects vascular function but not blood pressure of rat female offspring. Br J Nutr 1999; 81:73–79.
Franco MDC, Arruda RM, Dantas AP et al. Intrauterine undernutrition: Expression and activity of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase in male and female adult offspring. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 56:145–153.
Franco MDC, Akamine EH, Di Marco GS et al. NADPH oxidase and enhanced superoxide generation in intrauterine undernourished rats: Involvement of the renin-angiotensin system. Cardiovasc Res 2004; 59:767–775.
Hamilton CA, Brosnan MJ, Al-Benna A et al. NAD(P)H oxidase inhibition improves endothelial function in rat and human blood vessels. Hypertension 2002; 40:755–762.
Touyz RM. Reactive oxygen species, vascular oxidative stress and redox signalling in hypertension. What is the clinical significance? Hypertension 2004; 44:248–252.
Ozaki T, Nishina H, Hanson MA et al. Dietary restriction in pregnant rats causes gender-related hypertension and vascular dysfunction in offspring. J Physiol 2001; 530:141–152.
Khan IY, Taylor PD, Dekou V et al. Gender-linked hypertension in offspring of lard-fed pregnant rats. Hypertension 2003; 41:168–175.
Taylor PD, Khan IY, Hanson MA et al. Impaired EDHF mediated vasodilatation in adult offspring of rats exposed to a fat-rich diet in pregnancy J Physiol 2004; 558:943–951.
Khan IY, Dekou V, Douglas G et al. A high fat diet during rat pregnancy or suckling induces cardiovascular dysfunction in adult offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 288:R127–133.
Khan I, Dekou V, Hanson M et al. Predictive adaptive responses to maternal high fat diet prevent endothelial dysfunction but not hypertension in adult rat offspring. Circulation 2004; 1001:1097–1102.
Gluckman PD, Hanson MA. Living with the past: Evolution, development and patterns of disease. Science 2004; 305:1733–173.
Molnar J, Howe DC, Nijland MJ et al. Prenatal dexamethasone leads to both endothelial dysfunction and vasodilatory compensation in sheep. J Physiol 2003; 547:61–66.
Szmitko PE, Wang CH, Weisel RD et al. New markers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation. Circulation 2003; 108:1917–1923.
Szmitko PE, Wang C-H, Weisel RD et al. Biomarkers of vascular disease linking inflammation to endothelial activation. Circulation 2003; 108:2041–2048.
McAllister AS, Atkinson AB, Johnston GD et al. Relationship of endothelial function to birth weight in humans. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:2061–2066.
Singhal A, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M et al. Is slower early growth beneficial for long term cardiovascular health? Circulation 2004; 109:1108–1113.
Sattar N, McConnachie A, O’Reilly D et al. Inverse association between birth weight and C-reactive protein concentrations in the MIDSPAN. Family Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:583–587.
Martyn CN, Meade TW, Stirling Y et al. Plasma concentrations of fibrinogen and factor VII in adult life and their relation to intra-uterine growth. Br J Haematol 1995; 89:142–146.
Ijzerman RG, Stehouwer CD, de Geus EJ et al. The association between birth weight and plasma fibrinogen is abolished after the elimination of genetic influences. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:239–242.
Byberg L, McKeigue PM, Zethelius B et al. Birth weight and the insulin resistance syndrome: Association of low birth weight with truncal obesity and raised plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 but not with abdominal obesity or plasma lipid disturbances. Diabetologia 2000; 43:54–60.
Barja-Fidalgo C, Souza EP, Silva SV et al. Impairment of inflammatory response in adult rats submitted to maternal undernutrition during early lactation: Role of insulin and glucocorticoid. Inflamm Res 2003; 52:470–6.
Barker DJ. The intra-uterine origins of disturbed cholesterol homeostasis. Acta Paediatr 1999; 88:483–484.
Owen CG, Whincup PH, Odoki K et al. Birth weight and blood cholesterol level: A study in adolescents and systematic review. Pediatrics 2003; 111:1081–1089.
Donker GA, Labarthe DR, Harrist RB et al. Low birth weight and serum lipid concentrations at age 7–11 years in a biracial sample. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145:398–407.
Tenhola S, Martikainen A, Rahiala E et al. Serum lipid concentrations and growth characteristics in 12-year-old children born small for gestational age. Padiatr Res 2000; 48:623–628.
Ziegler B, Johnsen SP, Thulstrup AM et al. Inverse association between birth weight, birth length and serum total cholesterol in adulthood. Scand Cardiovasc J 2000; 34:584–588.
Kuzawa CW, Adair LS. Lipid profiles in adolescent Filipinos: Relation to birth weight and maternal energy status during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77:960–966.
Davies AA, Smith GD, Ben-Shlomo Y et al. Low birth weight is associated with higher adult total cholesterol concentration in men: Findings from an occupational cohort of 25,843 employees. Circulation 2004; 110:1258–1262.
Napoli C, Glass CK, Witztum JL et al. Influence of maternal hypercholesterolaemia during pregnancy on progression of early atherosclerotic lesions in childhood: Fate of Early Lesions in Children (FELIC) study. Lancet 1999; 354:1234–1241.
Lucas A, Barker DJ, Desai DJ et al. Nutrition in pregnant or lactating rats programs lipid metabolism in the offspring. Br J Nutrition 1996; 76:605–612.
Kind KL, Clifton PM, Katsman AI et al. Restricted fetal growth and the response to dietary cholesterol in the guinea pig. Am J Physiol 1999; 277:R1675–1682.
Ghosh P, Bitsanis D, Ghebremeskel K et al. Abnormal fatty acid composition and small artery function in offspring of rats fed a high fat diet in pregnancy. J Physiol 2001; 533:815–822.
Palinski W, D’Armiento FP, Witztum JL et al. Maternal hypercholesterolemia and treatment during pregnancy influence the long-term progression of atherosclerosis in offspring of rabbits. Circ Res 2001; 89:991–996.
Mott GE, Jackson EM, DeLallo et al. Differences in cholesterol metabolism in juvenile baboons are programmed by breast-versus formula feeding. J Lipid Res 1995; 36:299–307.
Kingwell BA, Gatzka CD. Aterial stiffness and prediction of cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens 2002; 20:2337–2340.
Leeson CP, Katternhorm M, Deanfield JE et al. Duration of breast feeding and arterial distensibility in early life: population based study. BMJ 2001; 332:643–647.
Martyn CN, Barker DJ, Jespersen S et al. Growth in utero, adult blood pressure, and arterial compliance. Br Heart J 1995; 73:116–121.
Montgomery AA, Ben-Sholmo Y, McCarthy A et al. Birth size and arterial compliance in young adults. Lancet 2000; 355:2136–2137.
Kumeran K, Fall Ch, Martyn CN et al. Blood pressure, arterial compliance and left ventricular mass; no relation to small size at birth in south Indian adults. Heart 2000; 83:272–7.
Berry CL, Looker T. An alteration in the chemical structure of the aortic wall induced by a finite period of growth inhibition. J Anat 1973; 114:83–94.
Gardner DS, Pearce S, Dandrea J et al. Peri-implantation undernutrition programs blunted angiotensin II evoke baroreflex responses in young adult sheep. Hypertension 2004; 43:1290–1296.
Phillips DI, Barker DJ. Association between low birthweight and high resting pulse in adult life: Is the sympathetic nervous system involved in programming the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabet Med 1997; 14:673–677.
Ruijtenbeek K, le Noble FA, Janssen GM et al. Chronic hypoxia stimulates periarterial sympathetic nerve development in chicken embryo. Circulation 2000; 102:2892–2897.
Young JB, Kaufman LN, Saville ME et al. Increased sympathetic nervous system activity in rats fed a low-protein diet. Am J Physiol 1985; 248:R627–37.
Sanders MW, Fazzi GE, Janssen GM et al. Reduced uteroplacental blood flow alters renal arterial reactivity and glomerular properties in the rat offspring. Hypertension 2004; 43:1283–1289.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Eurekah.com and Springer Science+Business Media
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Poston, L., Armitage, J.A., Taylor, P.D. (2006). Developmental Programming of Cardiovascular Dysfunction. In: Wintour, E.M., Owens, J.A. (eds) Early Life Origins of Health and Disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 573. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-32632-4_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-32632-4_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-28715-7
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-32632-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)