Skip to main content

Thermal Sterilization Of Food

Historical Review

  • Chapter
Sterilization Of Food In Retort Pouches

Part of the book series: Food Engineering Series ((FSES))

Abstract

Thermal sterilization has been used to achieve long-term shelf stability for canned foods and is now used for a broad range of products. The majority of shelf-stable foods are thermally processed after being placed in the final containers. A relatively small percentage of shelf-stable foods are processed before packaging, using aseptic filling (Heldman and Hartel, 1997). Thermal sterilization of canned foods has been one of the most widely used methods for food preservation during the twentieth century and has contributed significantly to the nutritional well-being of much of the world’s population (Teixeira and Tucker, 1997).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

REFERENCES

  • Akterian, S.G. (1994). Numerical simulation of unsteady heat conduction in arbitrary shaped canned foods during sterilization processes. Journal of Food Engineering, 21, 343–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banga, J.R., Alonso, A.A., Gallardo, J.M., & Perez-Martin, R.I. (1993). Mathematical modeling and simulation of the thermal processing of anisotropic and non-homogeneous conduction-heated canned foods: Application to canned tuna. Journal of Food Engineering, 18, 369–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barreiro, J.A., Milano, M., & Sandoval, A.J. (1997). Kinetics of color changes of double concentrated tomato paste during thermal treatment. Journal of Food Engineering, 33, 359–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beverly, R.G., Strasser, J., & Wright, B. (1980). Critical factors in filling and sterilizing of institutional pouches. Food Technology, 34(9), 44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhowmik, S.R., & Tandon, S. (1987). A method of thermal process evaluation of conduction heated foods in retortable pouches. Journal of Food Science, 52(1), 202–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhowmik, S.R., & Shin, S. (1991). Thermal sterilization of conducted-heated foods in plastic cylindrical cans using convective boundary condition. Journal of Food Science, 56(3), 827–830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castillo, P.F., Barreiro, J.A., & Salas, G.R. (1980). Prediction of nutrient retention in thermally processed heat conduction food packaged in retortable pouches. Journal of Food Science, 45, 1513.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Datta, A.K., Teixeira, A.A., & Manson, J.E. (1986). Computer based retort control logic for on-line correction process deviations. Journal of Food Science, 51(2), 480–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Datta, A.K., & Teixeira, A.A. (1987). Numerical modeling of natural convection heating in canned liquid foods. Transaction of American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 30(5), 1542–1551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Datta, A.K., & Teixeira, A.A. (1988). Numerically predicted transient temperature and velocity profiles during natural convection heating of canned liquid foods. Journal of Food Science, 53(1), 191–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Datta, A.K. (1991). Mathematical modeling of biochemical changes during processing of liquid foods and solutions. Biotechnology Progress, 7, 397–402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Datta, A.K. (1999). Heat transfer coefficient in laminar flow of non-Newtonian fluid in tubes. Journal of Food Engineering, 39, 285–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deniston, M.F., Hassan, B.H., & Merson, R.L. (1987). Heat transfer coefficients to liquids with food particles in axially rotating cans. Journal of Food Science, 52(2), 962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deniston, M.F., Kimball, R.N., Pedersen, L.D., Gee, M., Parkinson, K.S., & Jones, H.C. (1991). Effects of steam/air mixtures on a convection-heating product processed in a steritort. Journal of Food Science, 56(1), 27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dincer, I., Varlik, C., & Gun, H. (1993). Heat transfer rate variation in a canned food during sterilization. International Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, 20, 301–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durance, T.D. (1997). Improving canned food quality with variable retort temperature process. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 8, 113–118.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engelman, M.S., & Sani, R.L. (1983). Finite-element simulation of an in-package pasteurization process. Numerical Heat Transfer, 6, 41–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fellows, P.J. (1996). Food processing technology (principles and practice). U.K.: Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferziger, J.H., & Peric, M. (1996). Computational methods for fluid dynamics. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giannoni-Succar, E.B., & Hayakawa, K.A. (1982). Correction factor of deviant thermal processes applied to packaged heat conduction food. Journal of Food Science, 47(2), 642–646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawakawa, K. (1977a). Review on computerized prediction of nutrients in thermally processed canned food. Journal of the AOAC, 60, 1243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawakawa, K. (1977b). Mathematical models for estimating proper thermal processes and their computer implementation. Advanced Food Research, 23, 75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawakawa, K. (1978). A critical review of the mathematical procedures for determining proper heat sterilization processes. Food Technology, 32(3), 59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heldman, D.R., & Singh, R.P. (1981). Food process engineering (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: AVI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heldman, D.R., & Hartel R.W. (1997). Principles of food processing. New York: Chapman & Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiddink, J. (1975). Natural convection heating of liquids, with reference to sterilization of canned food (Agricultural Research Report No. 839). Wageningen, The Netherlands: Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holdsworth, S.D. (1985). Optimization of thermal processing-a review. Journal of Food Engineering, 4, 89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Junge, A., & Fryer, P.J. (1999). Optimizing the quality of safe food: Computational modeling of a continuous sterilization process. Chemical Engineering Science, 54, 717–730.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, A., Bhattacharya, M., & Blaylock, J. (1990). Numerical simulation of natural convection heating of canned thick viscous liquid food products. Journal of Food Science, 55(5), 1403–1411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, A., & Bhattacharya, M. (1991). Transient temperature and velocity profiles in a canned non-Newtonian liquid food during sterilization in a still—cook retort. International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer, 34(4/5), 1083–1096.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lampi, R.A. (1980). Retort pouch: The development of a basic packaging concept in today’s high technology era. Food Processing Engineering, 4, 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lanoiselle, J.L., Candau, Y., & Debray, E. (1986). Predicting internal temperature of canned food during thermal processing using a linear recursive model. Journal of Food Science, 60(3), 715–719.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, Q., Mulvaney, S.J., & Hsieh. (1991). Thermal processes for metal cans compared to retortable plastic containers. Journal of Food Science, 56(3), 835–837.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lund, D.B. (1977). Maximising nutrient retention. Food Technology, 31(2), 71–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manson, J.E., Stumbo, C.R., & Zahradnik, J.W. (1970). Evaluation of lethality and nutrient retentions of conduction heating foods in rectangular containers, Food Technology, 24(11), 109–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • May N. (1997). Guidelines No.13, 16, and 17. Campden & Chorleywood Food Research Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mermelstein, N.H. (1978). Retort pouch earns 1978 IFT food technology industrial achievement award. Food Technology, 32(6), 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naveh, D., Kopelman, I.J., & Pflug, I.J. (1983). The finite element method in thermal processing of foods. Journal of Food Science, 48, 1086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson, J.T., & Sinskey, A.J. (1972). Microbiology of foods and food processing. New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolai, B.M., Verboven, B., Scheerlinck, N., & De Baerdemaeker, J. (1998). Numerical analysis of the propagation of random parameter fluctuations in time and space during thermal food processes. Journal of Food Engineering, 38, 259–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohlsson, T. (1980). Optimal sterilization temperature for flat containers. Journal of Food Science, 45, 848–852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patankar, S.V., & Spalding, D. B. (1972). A calculation procedure for heat, mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 15(10), 1787–1806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PHOENICS Reference Manual, Part A. PIL. TR 200 A Bakery House, London SW 19 5AU, U.K.: CHAM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radosavljevic, D., & Wu, J.Z. (1990). The PHOENICS beginner’s menu system user guide. TR 217 A Bakery House, London SW 19 5AU, U.K.: CHAM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, M.S. (1999). Handbook of food preservation. Food science and technology. A series of monographs, textbooks, and reference books. New York: Marcel Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaswamy, H.S., Tung, M.A., & Stark, R. (1983). A method to measure surface heat transfer from steam/air mixtures in batch retorts. Journal of Food Science, 48, 900.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saguy, I., & Karel, M. (1979). Optimal retort temperature profile in optimizing thiamine retention in conduction-type heating of canned foods. Journal of Food Science, 44, 1485–1490.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, G.M., Tucker, G.S., Kassim, H.O., Bewaji, E., Best, R., & Richardson, P. (1994). Process simulation techniques for batch and continuous thermal processing operations (Technical memorandum No. 710). Campden, England: Campden Food & Drink Research Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, G.M. (1994). Computational fluid dynamics for the food industry. Journal of Food Technology International Europe, 49–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott G.M., & Richardson P. (1997). The application of computational fluid dynamics in the food industry. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 8, 119–124.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, S., & Bhowmik, S.R. (1990). Computer simulation to evaluate thermal processing of food in cylindrical plastic cans. Journal of Food Engineering, 12, 117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, S., & Bhowmik, S.R. (1995). Thermal kinetics of color changes in pea puree. Journal of Food Engineering, 24, 77–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, C., Hendrickx, M., Oliveira, F., & Tobback, P. (1992). Optimal sterilization temperatures for conduction heating foods considering finite surface heat transfer coefficients. Journal of Food Science, 57(3), 743–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spinak, S.H., & Wiley, R.C. (1982). Comparisons of the general and Ball formula methods for retort pouch process calculations. Journal of Food Science, 47, 880–884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoforos, N.G., & Merson, R.L. (1990). Estimation heat transfer coefficients in liquid/particulate canned food using only liquid temperature data. Journal of Food Science, 55(2), 478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tandon, S., & Bhowmik, S.R. (1986). Evaluation of thermal processing of retortable pouches filled with conduction-heated foods considering their actual shapes. Journal of Food Science, 51(3), 709–714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira, A.A., Dixon, J.R., Zahradnik, J.W., & Zinsmeister, G.E. (1969). Computer optimization of nutrient retention in thermal processing of conduction-heated foods. Food Technology, 23(6), 134–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira, A.A., Stumbo, C.R., & Zahradnik, J.W. (1975a). Experimental evaluation of mathematical and computer models for thermal process evaluation. Journal of Food Science, 40, 653–655.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira, A.A., Zinsmeister, G.E., & Zahradnik, J.W. (1975b). Computer simulation of variable retort control and container geometry as a possible means of improving thiamin retention in thermally processed foods. Journal of Food Science, 40, 656–659.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira, A.A., & Manson, J.E. (1982). Computer control of batch retort operations with on-line correction of processes deviations. Food Technology, 36, 85–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira, A.A., & Tucker, G.S. (1997). On-line retort control in thermal sterilization of canned foods. Food Control, 8(1), 13–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terajima, Y. (1975). Over-all heat transmission from the heating medium (steam and water) to the content of the retortable pouch. Canners Journal, 54(1), 73–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, G.S., & Clark, P. (1990). Modelling the cooling phase of heat sterilization processes, using heat transfer coefficients. International Journal of Food Science Technology, 25, 668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, G.S. (1991). Development and use of numerical techniques for improved thermal process calculations and control. Food Control, 2, 15–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, G.S., & Holdsworth, S.D. (1991). Mathematical modelling of sterilization and cooking processes for heat preserved foods-applications of a new heat transfer model. Transaction of Institution of Chemical Engineers, 69(3), 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tung, M.A., Ramaswamy, H.S., Smith, T., & Stark, R. (1984). Surface heat transfer coefficients for steam/air mixtures in two pilot scales retorts. Journal of Food Science, 49, 939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verboven, P., Nicolai, B.M., Sheerlinck, N., & Beardmeaker, J.D. (1997). The local surface heat transfer coefficient in thermal food process calculations: A CFD approach. Journal of Food Engineering, 33, 15–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verboven, P., Sheerlinck, N., Beardmeaker, J.D., & Nicolai, B.M. (2000a). Computational fluid dynamics modeling and validation of the temperature distribution in a forced convection oven. Journal of Food Engineering, 43, 41–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verboven, P., Sheerlinck, N., Beardmeaker, J.D., & Nicolai, B.M. (2000b). Computational fluid dynamics modeling and validation of the temperature distribution in a forced convection oven. Journal of Food Engineering, 43, 61–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Versteeg, H.K., & Malalasekera (1995). An introduction to computational fluid dynamics. The finite volume method. Harlow, England: Longman Scientific and Technical.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, J.F. (1992). Computational fluid dynamics. An introduction. Berlin and New York: von Karmen Institute, Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilbur, A. (1996). Unit operation for the food industries, Food processing and technology. Ohio State University, 125–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, W.H., & Rao, M.A. (1998). Transient natural convection heat transfer to starch dispersion in a cylindrical container: numerical solution and experiment. Journal of Food Engineering, 36, 395–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Al-Baali, A.AG., Farid, M.M. (2006). Thermal Sterilization Of Food. In: Sterilization Of Food In Retort Pouches. Food Engineering Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31129-7_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics