Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Infectious, Inflammatory, and Toxic Diseases of the Retina and Vitreous

  • Chapter
Handbook of Pediatric Retinal Disease

  • 795 Accesses

Abstract

The first portion of this chapter discusses inflammatory and infectious disorders that affect the posterior segment of the eye. Some of the disorders that are discussed are much more common in children than in adults (e.g., pars planitis). Although others are more common in adults, the ability to recognize their appearance is important because they can occur in pediatric patients (e.g., the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome). In the last portion of the chapter, nutritional and toxic disorders of the retina are presented. Table 11-1 lists various infectious, inflammatory, toxic, and nutritional disorders of the retina and vitreous in the approximate order of their prevalence in children. Disorders that occur primarily in children are marked with a “c”; disorders that occur primarily in adults are marked with an “a”; conditions that occur in both groups are marked “a,c.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Amin HI, McDonald HR, Han DP, et al. Vitrectomy update for macular traction in ocular toxocariasis. Retina 2000;20:80–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Barisani-Asenbauer T, Maca SM, Hauff W, et al. Treatment of ocular toxocariasis with albendazole. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2001;17:287–294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Baumal CR, Levin AV, Read SE. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunosuppressed children. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;127:550–558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Boyer K, Roizen N, Stein L, et al. The child with congenital toxoplasmosis. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 2000;20:189–208.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Breger BC, Leopold IH. The incidence of uveitis in multiple sclerosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1966;62:540–545.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Brezin AP, Thulliez P, Cisneros B, et al. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus chorioretinitis mimicking ocular toxoplasmosis in two otherwise normal children. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130:245–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bosch-Driessen LH, Karimi S, Stilma JS, Rothova A. Retinal detachment in ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology 2000;107:36–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Cassidy JT, Levinson JE, Bass JC, et al. A study of classification criteria for a diagnosis of JRA. Arthritis Rheum 1986;29:274–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Chu D, Foster S. Sympathetic Ophthalmia 2002;42(3):179–185.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Couvreur J, Desmonts G. Congenital and maternal toxoplasmosis: a review of 300 congenital cases. Dev Med Child Neurol 1962;4:519–530.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Culbertson WW, Blumenkranz MS, Pepose JS, et al. Varicella zoster virus is a cause of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Ophthalmology 1986;93:559–569.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Dalton R, Aylward GW, Sharland M. Use of ganciclovir implants for CMV retinitis in an 18-month-old child with AIDS. Eye 1999;13 (pt 1):110–112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. DeSouza EC, Abujamra S, Nakashima Y, Gass JDM: Diffuse bilateral subacute neuroretinitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:1349–1351.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Du LT, Coats DK, Kline MW, et al. Incidence of presumed cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected pediatric patients. POJAAPOS 1999;3:245–249.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ellis GS, Pakalnis VA, Worley G, et al. Toxocara canis infection: clinical and epidemiological associations with seropositivity in kindergarten children. Ophthalmology 1986;93:1032–1037.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Friedmann CT, Knox DL. Variations in recurrent active toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Arch Ophthalmol 1969;81:481–493.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gass JDM, Braunstein RA. Further observations concerning the diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1983;101:1689–1697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Gass JDM. Viral retinochoroiditis. In: Stereoscopic atlas of macular diseases. Philadelphia: Mosby, 1987:498–499.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Goldman JN. Congenital syphilis. In: Fraunfelder FT, Roy FH (eds) Current ocular therapy, vol 3. Philadelphia: Sauders, 1990:13–14.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Figueroa MS, Bou G, Marti-Belda P, et al. Diagnostic value of polymerase chain reaction in blood and aqueous humor in immunocompetent patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. Retina 2000;20:614–619.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Han DP, Lewis H, Williams GA, et al. Laser photocoagulation in the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105:1051–1054.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hogan MJ, Kimura SJ, Spencer WH. Visceral larva migrans and peripheral retinitis. JAMA 1965;194:1345–1347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kilmartin DJ, Forrester JV, Dick AD. Cyclosporin A therapy in refractory noninfectious childhood uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:737–742.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kuo IC, Rechodouni A, Rao NA, et al. Subretinal fibrosis in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Ophthalmlology 2000;107:1721–1728.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kychenthal A, Coombes A, Greenwood J, et al. Bilateral acute retinal necrosis and herpes simplex type 2 encephalitis in a neonate. Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:629–630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lakhanpal V, Schocket SS, Nirankari VS. Clindamycin in the treatment of toxoplasmoic retinochoroiditis. Am J Ophthalmol 1983;95:605–613.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lowder CY, Foster RE, Gutman FA. Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy after acute group A streptococcal infection. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;122:115–117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Liddy BSL, Stuart J. Sympathetic ophthalmia in Canada. Can J Ophthalmol 1972;7:157–159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Makley TA, Azar A. Sympathetic ophthalmia: a long-term followup. Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:257–262.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Malinowski SM, Pulido JS, Folk JC. Long-term visual outcome and complications associated with pars planitis. Ophthalmology 1993: 100(6):818–824.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Malley DS, Barone R, Heinemann MH. Treatment of bilateral cytomegalovirus retinitis with sustained-release ganciclovir implants in a child. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;122:731–732.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. McAuley J, Boyer KM, Patel D, et al. Early and longitudinal evaluations of treated infants and children and untreated historical patients with congenital toxoplasmosis: the Chicago Collaborative Treatment Trial. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:38–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. McLeod R, Boyer K, Roizen N, et al. The child with congenital toxoplasmosis. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 2000;20:189–208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Merle H, Cabre P, Olindo S, Merle S, Smadja D. Ocular lesions in 200 patients infected by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 in martinique (French West Indies). Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134(2): 190–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Mets MB, Barton LL, Khan AS, Ksiazek TG. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an underdiagnosed cause of congenital chorioretinitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130:209–215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Miserochi E, Baltatzis S, Ekong A, et al. Efficacy and safety of chlorambucil in intractable noninfectious uveitis: the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary experience. Ophthalmology 2002;109:137–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Montoya JG, Parmley S, Lissenfeld O, et al. Use of the polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology 1999;106:1554–1563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Nichols CW, Eagle RC, Yanoff M, et al. Conjunctival biopsy as an aid in the evaluation of a patient with suspected sarcoidosis. Ophthalmology 1980;87:287–291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG. Anterior uveitis. In: Uveitis: fundamentals and clinical practice. Chicago: Yearbook Medical, 1989:175–176.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG. Intermediate uveitis and pars planitis. In: Uveitis: fundamentals and clinical practice. Chicago: Yearbook Medical, 1989:194–196.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG. Viral diseases. In: Uveitis: fundamentals and clinical practice. Chicago: Yearbook Medical, 1989:424–426.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG. White dot syndromes. In: Uveitis: fundamentals and clinical practice. Chicago: Yearbook Medical, 1989:291–308.

    Google Scholar 

  43. O’Connor GR. Chemotherapy of toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis. In: Srinivasan BD (ed) Ocular therapeutics. New York: Masson, 1980: 51–57.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ocular histoplasmosis study group. Argon laser photocoagulation for ocular histoplasmosis. Results of a randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1983;101:1347–1357.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Ohno S. Immunological aspects of Behcet’s disease and VKH. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1981;101:335–341.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Park SE, Mieler WF, Pulido JS. Peripheral scatter photocoagulation for neovascularization associated with pars planitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:1277–1280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Perkins ES. Ocular toxoplasmosis. Br J Ophthalmol 1973;57:1–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Power WJ, Foster CS. Update on sympathetic ophthalmia. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1995;35:127–137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Raymond LA, Strong LE, Wander AA, et al. Living retinal nematode destroyed with photocoagulation. Ophthalmology 1978;85:944–949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Read RW, Rechodouni A, Butani N, et al. Complications and prognostic factors in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;131:599–606.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Reiff A, Takei S, Sadeghi S, et al. Etanercept therapy in children with treatment-resistant uveitis. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:1411–1415.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Roberts F, Mets MB, Ferguson DJP, et al. Histopathological features of ocular toxoplasmosis in the fetus and infant. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:51–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Roizen N, Swisher CN, Stein MA, et al. Neurological and developmental outcome in treated congenital toxoplasmosis. Pediatrics 1995;95:11–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Rosenthal AR, Marmor MF, Leuenberger P, Hopkins JL. Chalcosis: a study of the natural history. Ophthalmology 1979;86:1956–1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Sabates R, Pruett RC, Brockhurst RJ. Fulminant ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1981;92:497–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Sastry SM, Epps CH, Walton RC, et al. Combined ganciclovir and foscarnet in pediatric cytomegalovirus retinitis. J Natl Med Assoc 1996;88:661–662.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sommer A, Emran N. Topical retinoic acid in the treatment of corneal xerophthalmia. Am J Ophthalmol 1978;86:615–617.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Tan JCH, Byles D, Stanford MR, et al. Acute retinal necrosis in children caused by herpes simpex virus. Retina 2001;21:344–347.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Tran VT, Lumbroso L, LeHoang P, Herbort CP. Ultrasound biomicroscopy in peripheral retinovitreal toxocariasis. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;127:607–609.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Van Gelder RN, Willig JL, Holland G, Kaplan HJ. Herpes simplex virus type 2 as a cause of acute retinal necrosis syndrome in young patients. Ophthalmology 2001;108:869–876.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Walton RC, Whitcup SM, Mueller BU, et al. Combined intravenous ganciclovir and foscarnet for children with recurrent cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ophthalmology 1995;102:1865–1870.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Wilder HC. Nematode endophthalmitis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1950;55:99–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Young NJA, Bird AC, Sehmi K. Pigment epithelial diseases with abnormal choroidal perfusion. Am J Ophthalmol 1980;90:607–618.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. William L. Haynes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jose S. Pulido
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Peter H. Spiegel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Wright Foundation for Pediatric Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Kenneth W. Wright MD (Director and Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology) (Director and Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology)

  2. Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Kenneth W. Wright MD (Director and Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology) (Director and Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology)

  3. University of Southern California—Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Kenneth W. Wright MD (Director and Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology) (Director and Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology)

  4. Focus On You, Inc., Palm Desert, CA, USA

    Peter H. Spiegel MD

  5. Inland Eye Clinic, Murrieta, CA, USA

    Peter H. Spiegel MD

  6. Children’s Eye Institute, Upland, CA, USA

    Peter H. Spiegel MD

  7. Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA

    Lisa S. Thompson MD (Attending Physician) (Attending Physician)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Haynes, W.L., Pulido, J.S., Spiegel, P.H. (2006). Infectious, Inflammatory, and Toxic Diseases of the Retina and Vitreous. In: Wright, K.W., Spiegel, P.H., Thompson, L.S. (eds) Handbook of Pediatric Retinal Disease. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27933-4_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27933-4_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-27932-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-27933-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation