Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adinolfi, M., Camporeses, C. and Carr, T.: Gene amplification to detect fetal nucleated cells in pregnant women. Lancet ii:328–329, 1989.
Adkinson, L.R., Andrews, R.H., Vowell, N.L. and Koontz, W.L.: Improved detection of fetal cells from maternal blood with polymerase chain reaction. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 170:952–955, 1994.
Ahmed, J. and Brown, C.: Failure of the Kleihauer test to detect red blood cells in amniotic fluid. Lancet i:1393, 1986.
Almeida, V.de and Bowman, J.M.: Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage: Manitoba experience. Obstet. Gynecol. 83:323–328, 1994.
Anquist, K.W., Parnes, S., Cargill, Y. and Tawagi, G.: An unexpected fetal outcome following a severe maternal motor vehicle accident. Obstet. Gynecol. 84:656–659, 1994.
Apt, L. and Downey, W.S.: “Melena” neonatorum: The swallowed blood syndrome. A simple test for the differentiation of adult and fetal hemoglobin in bloody stools. J. Pediatr. 47:6–12, 1955.
Avenarius, S., Föhe, K., Schultz, H., Canzler, E. and Wood, B.P.: Radiological case of the month. Arch. Ped. Adolesc. Med. 153:1103–1104, 1999.
Awwad, J.T., Azar, G.B., Seoud, M.A., Mroueh, A.M. and Karam, K.S.: High-velocity penetrating wounds of the gravid uterus: review of 16 years of civil war. Obstet. Gynecol. 83:259–264, 1994.
Bacevice, A.E., Dierker, L.J. and Wolfson, R.N.: Intrauterine atrial fibrillation associated with fetomaternal hemorrhage. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 153:81–82, 1985.
Baer, K.E.V.: Untersuchungen ueber die Gefaessverbindungen zwischen Mutter und Frucht in den Saeugethieren. L. Voss, Leipzig, 1828.
Baergen, R.N., Castillo, M.M., Mario-Singh, B., Stehly, A.J. and Benirschke, K.: Embolism of fetal brain tissue to the lungs and the placenta. Pediatr. Pathol. Lab. Med. 17:159–167, 1997.
Barth, F.B., Khurana, S.K., Vergara, G.G. and Lowman, J.T.: Rapidly fatal familial histiocytosis associated with eosinophilia and primary immunological deficiency. Lancet 2:503–506, 1972.
Benirschke, K. and Gille, J.: Placental pathology and asphyxia. In, Intrauterine Asphyxia and the Developing Fetal Brain. L. Gluck, ed. pp. 117–136. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, 1977.
Bertero, M.T., Camaschella, C., Serra, A., Bergui, L. and Caligaris-Cappio, F.: Circulating trophoblast cells in pregnancy have maternal genetic markers. Prenat. Diagn. 8:585–590, 1988.
Bianchi, D.W., Flint, A.F., Pizzimenti, M.F., Knoll, J.H.M. and Latt, S.A.: Isolation of fetal DNA from nucleated erythrocytes in maternal blood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:3279–3283, 1990.
Bianchi, D.W., Stewart, J.E., Garber, M.F., Lucotte, G. and Flint, A.F.: Possible effect of gestational age on the detection of fetal nucleated erythrocytes in maternal blood. Prenat. Diagn. 11:523–528, 1991.
Bianchi, D.W., Shuber, A.P., DeMaria, A., Fougner, A.C. and Klinger, K.W.: Fetal cells in maternal blood: Determination of purity and yield by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 171:922–926, 1994.
Biankin, S.A., Arbuckle, S.M. and Graf, N.S.: Autopsy findings in a series of five cases of fetomaternal haemorrhages. Pathology 35:319–324, 2003.
Bickers, R.G. and Wennberg, R.P.: Fetomaternal transfusion following trauma. Obstet. Gynecol. 61:258–259, 1983.
Blajchman, M.A., Maudsley, R.F., Uchida, I. and Zipursky, A.: Diagnostic amniocentesis and fetal-maternal bleeding. Lancet 1:993, 1974.
Bombard, A.T., Powers, J.F., Carter, S., Schwartz, A. and Nitowsky, H.M.: Procedure-related fetal losses in transplacental genetic amniocentesis. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 172:868–872, 1995.
Borum, A., Loyd, H.O. and Talbot, T.R.: Possible fetal hemorrhage into maternal circulation. Report of two cases. JAMA 164:1087–1088, 1957.
Bowman, J.M. and Pollock, J.M.: Transplacental fetal hemorrhage after amniocentesis. Obstet. Gynecol. 66:749–754, 1985.
Bowman, J.M., Lewis, M. and de Sa, D.J.: Hydrops fetalis caused by massive maternofetal transplacental hemorrhage. J. Pediatr. 104:769–772, 1984.
Bowman, J.M., Pollock, J.M., Peterson, L.E., Harman, C.R., Manning, F.A. and Menticoglou, S.M.: Fetomaternal hemorrhage following funipuncture: Increase in severity of maternal red-cell alloimmunization. Obstet. Gynecol. 84:839–843, 1994.
Brill, C.B.: An unexpected fetal outcome following a severe maternal motor vehicle accident. Obstet. Gynecol. 85:319, 1995.
Bromilow, I.M. and Duguid, J.K.M.: Measurement of fetomaternal haemorrhage: a comparative study of three Kleihauer techniques and two flow cytometry methods. Clin. Lab. Haematol. 19:137–142, 1997.
Brown, E.S.: Foetal erythrocytes in the maternal circulation. Brit. Med. J. i:1000–1001, 1963.
Brown, W.E. and Cowles, G.T.: Fetal cells in maternal blood. South. Med. J. 56:782–783, 1963.
Buchsbaum, H.J.: Accidental injury complicating pregnancy. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 102:752–769, 1968.
Buchsbaum, H.J.: Trauma in Pregnancy. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1979.
Buchsbaum, H.J. and Staples, P.P.: Self-inflicted gunshot wound to the pregnant uterus: report of two cases. Obstet. Gynecol. 65:32S–65S, 1985.
Cardwell, M.S.: Fetomaternal hemorrhage. When to suspect, how to manage. Postgrad. Med. 82:127–130, 1987.
Cardwell, M.S. and Snyder, S.W.: Feto-maternal hemorrhage-possible cause of fetal distress. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 161:1744, 1989.
Carper, J.M. and O’Donnell, W.M.: Severe neonatal anemia due to massive transplacental hemorrhage. Amer. J. Clin. Pathol. 47:444–447, 1967.
Catalano, P.M. and Capeless, E.L.: Fetomaternal bleeding as a cause of recurrent fetal morbidity and mortality. Obstet. Gynecol. 76:972–73, 1990.
Chamberlain, E.M., Scott, J.R., Wu, J.T., Rote, N.S. and Egger, M.J.: A comparison of acid-elution techniques and alphafetoprotein levels for the detection of fetomaternal bleeding. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 143:912–917, 1982.
Cheung, M.C., Goldberg, J.D. and Kan, Y.W.: Prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia by analysis of fetal cells in maternal blood. Nature Genet. 14:264–268, 1996.
Chibber, G., Zacher, M., Cohen, A.W. and Kline, A.J.: Rh immunization following abdominal trauma: a case report. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 149:692, 1984.
Chown, B.: Anaemia from fetal bleeding of the fetus into the mother’s circulation. Lancet i:1213–1215, 1954.
Chown, B.: The fetus can bleed. Three clinicopathological pictures. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 70:1298–1308, 1955.
Christmas, J.T., Vanner, L.V., Daniels, R.M., Bodurtha, J.N., Hays, P.M. and Redwine, F.O.: The effect of fetomaternal bleeding on the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome in patients with elevated second-trimester maternal serum a-fetoprotein levels. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 171:315–320, 1994.
Clark, S.L. and Miller, F.C.: Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern associated with massive fetomaternal transfusion. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 149:97–99, 1984.
Cohen, F., Zuelzer, W.W., Gustafson, D.C. and Evans, M.M.: Transplacental bleeding from the fetus. Blood 23:621–646, 1964.
Crissinger, K.D., Ryckman, F.C. and Balisteri, W.F.: Necrotizing enterocolitis and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. In, Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. Diseases of the Fetus and Infant. A.A. Fanaroff and R.J. Martin eds., C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis. pp. 928–932, 1987.
Crosby, W.M.: Pathology of obstetric injuries in pregnant automobile-accident victims. In, Accident Pathology. Proceedings of an International Conference. K.M. Brinkhous, ed. pp. 204–207. US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1968.
Crosby, W.M.: Trauma during pregnancy: maternal and fetal injury. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 29:683–699, 1974.
Crosby, W.M. and Costiloe, J.P.: Safety of lap-belt restraint for pregnant victims of automobile collisions. NEJM 284:632–636, 1971.
Cumming, D.C. and Wren, F.D.: Fetal skull fracture from an apparently trivial motor vehicle accident. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 132:342–343, 1978.
Dahmus, M.A. and Sibai, B.M.: Blunt abdominal trauma: Are there any predictive factors for abruptio placentae or maternal-fetal distress? Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 169:1054–1059, 1993.
Debelle, G.D., Gillam, G.L. and Tauro, G.P.: A case of hydrops foetalis due to foeto-maternal haemorrhage. Austral. Paediatr. J. 13:131–133, 1977.
Desbuquois, G., Boulard, P. et Grenier, B.: Hemorrhage foetale dans la circulation maternelle. Arch. Franç. Pédiatr. 19:1341–1346, 1962.
Devi, B., Jennison, R.F. and Langley, F.A.: Significance of placental pathology in transplacental hemorrhage. J. Clin. Pathol. 21:322–331, 1968.
De Witt, F.: An historical study on theories of the placenta to 1900. J. Hist. Med. & Allied Sci. 14:360–374, 1959.
Dhanraj, D. and Lambers, D.: The incidences of positive Kleihauer-Betke test in low-risk pregnancies and maternal trauma patients. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 190:1461–1463, 2004.
Donaldson, I.: Intrauterine haemorrhage as a cause of foetal death. Lancet i:1351, 1962.
Doolittle, J.E.: Placental vascular integrity related to third-stage management. Obstet. Gynecol. 22:468–472, 1963.
Eaton, C.J. and Danzinger, R.F.: Traumatic disruption of pregnancy: report of a case and its legal implications. Obstet. Gynecol. 30:16–22, 1967.
Eden, J.A.: Fetal-induced trauma as a cause of antepartum hemorrhage. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 157:830–831, 1987.
Eich, F.G. and Tripoldi, D.: Screening and quantitating fetalmaternal hemorrhages. Amer. J. Clin. Pathol. 61:192–198, 1974.
Eimer, H. und Weiland, A.: Untersuchungen über die Placentapassage mütterlicher Erythrocyten. Arch. Gynäkol. 208:113–122, 1969.
El-Alfi, O. and Hathout, H.: Maternofetal transfusion: Immunologic and cytogenetic evidence. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 103:599–600, 1969.
Elias, S., Price, J., Dockter, M., Wachtel, S., Tharapel, A., Simpson, J.L. and Klinger, K.W.: First trimester prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21 in fetal cells from maternal blood. Lancet 340:1033, 1992.
Ellis, J. and Kohler, H.G.: Small infant thymus in cases of fatal feto-maternal transfusion. Brit. Med. J. i:694, 1976.
Emery, C.L., Morway, L.F., Chung-Park, M., Wyatt-Ashmed, J., Sawady, J. and Beddow, T.D.: The Kleihauer-Betke Test. Clinical utility, indication, and correlation in patients with placental abruption and cocaine use. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 119:1032–1037, 1995.
Fay, R.A.: Feto-maternal haemorrhage as a cause of fetal morbidity and mortality. Brit. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 90:443–446, 1983.
Feinkind, L., Nanda, D., Delke, I. and Minkoff, H.: Abruptio placentae after percutaneous umbilical cord sampling: a case report. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 162:1203–1204, 1990.
Feldman, N., Skoll, A. and Sibai, B.: The incidence of significant fetomaternal hemorrhage in patients undergoing cesarean section. Obstet. Gynecol. 163:855–858, 1990.
Fernandez-Rocha, L. and Oullette, R.: Fetal bleeding: An unusual complication of fetal monitoring. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 125:1153–1154, 1976.
Fielding, J.: Detecting foetal cells. Lancet i:202, 1968.
Finn, R., Harper, D.T., Stallings, S.A. and Krevans, J.R.: Transplacental hemorrhage. Transfusion 3:114–124, 1963.
Fischer R.L., Kuhlman, K., Grover, J., Montgomery, O. and Wapner, R.J.: Chronic, massive fetomaternal hemorrhage treated with repeated fetal intravascular transfusions. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 162:203–204, 1990.
Fliegner, J.R.H., Fortune, D.W. and Barrie, J.U.: Occult fetomaternal hemorrhage as a cause of fetal mortality and morbidity. Austral. New Zeal. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 27:158–161, 1987.
Fort, A.T. and Harlin, R.S.: Pregnancy outcome after noncatastrophic maternal trauma during pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 35:912–915, 1970.
Fox, H.: The incidence and significance of nucleated erythrocytes in the foetal vessels of the mature human placenta. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Brit. Commonw. 74:40–43, 1967.
Fraser, I.D. and Raper, A.B.: Observation of compatible and incompatible foetal red cells in the maternal circulation. Brit. Med. J. ii:303–304, 1962.
Freese, U.E.: Massive fetal hemorrhage into the maternal circulation. Obstet. Gynecol. 26:848–851, 1965.
Freese, U.E. and Titel, J.H.: Demonstration of fetal erythrocytes in maternal circulation. Obstet. Gynecol. 22:527–532, 1963.
Fujikura, T. and Klionsky, B.: Transplacental passage of maternal erythrocytes with sickling. J. Pediatr. 87:781–783, 1975.
Fynaut, J.: Anémie par hémorragie transplacentaire. Bull. Soc. Roy. Belge Gynécol. d’Obstet. 30:198–206, 1960.
Gänshirt-Ahlert, D., Burschyk, M., Garritsen, H.S.P., Helmer, L., Miny, P., Horst, J., Schneider, H.P.G. and Holzgreve, W.: Magnetic cell sorting and the transferrin receptor as potential means of prenatal diagnosis from maternal blood. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 166:1350–1355, 1992a.
Gänshirt-Ahlert, D., Basak, N., Aidynli, K. and Holzgreve, W.: Fetal DNA in uterine vein blood. Obstet. Gynecol. 80:601–603, 1992b.
Geissler, Dr. and Japha, A.: Beitrag zu den Anämieen junger Kinder. Jahrb. Kinderh. 56:627–647, 1901.
Ghidini, A., Sepulveda, W., Lockwood, C.J. and Romero, R.: Complications of fetal blood sampling. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 168:1339–1344, 1993.
Githens, J.H., Muschenheim, F., Fulginiti, V.A., Robinson, A. and Kay, H.E.M.: Thymic alymphoplasia with XX/XY lymphoid chimerism secondary to probable maternal-fetal transfusion. J. Pediatr. 75:87–94, 1969.
Gjode, P., Rasmussen, T.B. and Jorgensen, J.: Fetomaternal bleeding during attempts at external version. Brit. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 87:571–573, 1980.
Goodlin, R.C. and Clewell, W.H.: Sudden fetal death following diagnostic amniocentesis. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 118:285–288, 1974.
Goodwin, T.M. and Breen, M.T.: Pregnancy outcome and fetomaternal hemorrhage after noncatastrophic trauma. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 162:665–671, 1990.
Gottesfeld, K.R., Thompson, H.E., Holmes, J.H. and Taylor, E. D.: Ultrasonic placentography—a new method for placental localization. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 96:538–547, 1966.
Green, D.W. and Mimouni, F.: Nucleated erythrocytes in healthy infants and in infants of diabetic mothers. J. Pediatr. 116:129–131, 1990.
Griffin, W.T.: Occult fetal-maternal transfusion. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 105:993, 1969.
Grimes, H.G. and Wright, F.S.: Fetomaternal transfusion. A case report. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 82:1371–1374, 1961.
Grobbelaar, B.G.: Transplacental haemorrhage in Rhhaemolytic disease. Brit. Med. J. i:300, 1968.
Gunson, H.H.: Neonatal anemia due to fetal hemorrhage into the maternal circulation. Pediatrics 20:3–6, 1957.
Hamada, H., Arinami, T., Kubo, T., Hamaguchi, H. and Iwasaki, H.: Fetal nucleated cells in maternal peripheral blood: frequency and relationship to gestational age. Hum. Genet. 91:427–432, 1993.
Hamada, H., Arinami, T., Hamaguchi, H. and Kubo, T.: Fetal nucleated cells in maternal peripheral blood after delivery in cases of fetomaternal hemorrhage. Obstet. Gynecol. 85:449–451, 1995.
Hawes, C.S., Suskin, H.A., Petropoulos, A., Latham, S.E. and Mueller, U.W.: A morphologic study of trophoblast isolated from peripheral blood of pregnant women. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 170:1297–121300, 1994.
Herrmann, U. und Sidiropoulos, D.: Amniocentese bei rhesusnegativen Frauen: Häufigkeit und Konsequenzen fetomaternaler Transfusionen. Arch. Gynecol. 239:241–243, 1986.
Higgins, S.D.: Trauma in pregnancy. J. Perinatol. 8:288–292, 1988.
Higgins, S.D. and Garite, T.J.: Late abruptio placenta in trauma patients: implications for monitoring. Obstet. Gynecol. 63:10S–12S, 1984.
Holliday, J. and Barnes, R.D.: The normal transplacental passage of maternal red cells in mice. Cell Tissue Kinet. 6:455–459, 1973.
Holzgreve, W., Gänshirt-Ahlert, D., Burschyk, M., Horst, J., Miny, P., Gal, A. and Pohlschmidt, M.: Detection of fetal DNA in maternal blood by PCR. Lancet 335:1220–1221, 1990.
Huff, D.L.: Fetal-maternal hemorrhage and management of the third stage of labor at Cesarean section—A prospective study. Oklahoma Obstet. Gynecol. J. Club. 4:92, 1988.
Jauniaux, E., Gibb, D., Moscoso, G. and Campbell, S.: Ultrasonographic diagnosis of a large placental intervillous thrombosis associated with elevated maternal serum a-fetoprotein level. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 163:1558–1560, 1990.
Javert, C.T. and Reiss, C.: The origin and significance of macroscopic intervillous coagulation hematomas (red infarcts) of the human placenta. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 94:257–269, 1952.
Jennings, E.R. and Clauss, B.: Maternal-fetal hemorrhage: Its incidence and sensitizing effects. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 131:725–727, 1978.
Jones, P.: Assessment of size of small volume foeto-maternal bleeds. A new method of quantification of the Kleihauer technique. Brit. Med. J. i:85–88, 1969.
Kadowaki, J., Thompson, R.I., Zuelzer, W.W., Wooley, P.V., Brough, A.J. and Gruber, D.: XX/XY lymphoid chimaerism in congenital immunological deficiency syndrome with thymic aplasia. Lancet ii:1152–1156, 1965.
Kady, D.E., Gilbert, W.M., Anderson, J., Danielsen, B., Towner, D. and Smith, L.H.: Trauma during pregnancy: An analysis of maternal and fetal outcomes in a large population. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 190:1661–1668, 2004.
Kao, S.-M., Tang, G.-C., Hsieh, T.-T., Young, K.-C., Wang, H.-C. and Pao, C.C.: Analysis of peripheral blood of pregnant women for the presence of fetal Y chromosome-specific ZFY gene deoxyribonucleic acid sequences. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 166:1013–1019, 1992.
Kaplan, C., Blanc, W.A. and Elias, J.: Identification of erythrocytes in intervillous thrombi: A study using immunoperoxidase identification of hemoglobins. Human Pathol. 13:554–556, 1982.
Karimi, P., Ramus, R., Urban, J. and Perlman, J.M.: Extensive brain injury in a premature infant following a relatively minor maternal motor vehicle accident with airbag deployment. J. Perinatol. 24:454–457, 2004.
Kawagoe, K., Koresawa, M., Ohama, K. and Kadotani, T.: A preliminary study of immunological tolerance in human newborn baby based on mixed leucocyte cultures. Japan J. Genet. 46:191–194, 1971.
Keenan, H. and Pearse, W.H.: Transplacental transmission of fetal erythrocytes. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 86:1096–1098, 1963.
Keller, J.L., Baker, D.A. and Clemmons, J.J.: Massive fetalmaternal hemorrhage: An overlooked cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Lab. Invest. 42:32, 1980.
Kettel, L.M., Branch, D.W. and Scott, J.R.: Occult placental abruption after maternal trauma. Obstet. Gynecol. 71:449–453, 1988.
Kirkendall, C., Romo, M. and Phelan, J.: Fetomaternal hemorrhage in fetal brain injury. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 185:S153 (abstract 268), 2001.
Kleihauer, E. und Brandt, G.: Zur Lebensdauer fetaler Erythrocyten im mütterlichen Kreislauf nach fetomaternaler Transfusion. Klin. Wschr. 42:458–459, 1964.
Kleihauer, E., Braun, H. und Betke, K.: Demonstration von fetalem Hämoglobin in den Erythrocyten eines Blutausstriches. Klin. Wschr. 35:637–638, 1957.
Kline, B.S.: Microscopic observations of the placental barrier in transplacental erythrocytotoxic anemia (erythroblastosis fetalis) and in normal pregnancy. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 56:226–237, 1948.
Kosasa, T.S., Ebesugawa, I., Nakayama, R.T. and Hale, R.W.: Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage preceded by decreased fetal movement and a nonreactive fetal heart rate pattern. Obstet. Gynecol. 82:711–714, 1993.
LaFerla, J.J., Butch, S.H. and Cooley, J.R.: Utilization of specific mixed agglutination in a case of apparent fetomaternal hemorrhage. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 141:581–582, 1981.
Lakoff, K.M., Klein, J., Bolognese, R.J. and Corson, S.L.: Transplacental hemorrhage during voluntary interruption of pregnancy. J. Reprod. Med. 6:260–261, 1971.
Larroche, J.-C.: Fetal encephalopathies of circulatory origin. Biol. Neonate 50:61–74, 1986.
Laube, D.W. and Schauberger, C.W.: Fetomaternal bleeding as a cause for “unexplained” fetal death. Obstet. Gynecol. 60:649–651, 1982.
Lavin, J.P. and Miodovnik, M.: Delayed abruption after maternal trauma as a result of an automobile accident. J. Reprod. Med. 26:621–624, 1981.
Lee, R.E. and Vazquez, J.J.: Immunocytochemical evidence for transplacental passage of erythrocytes. Lab. Invest. 11:580–584, 1962.
Leiberman, J.R., Mazor, M. and Cohen, A.: Detection of fetal blood. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 161:257–258, 1989.
Lele, A.S., Carmody, P.J., Hurd, M.E. and O’Leary, J.A.: Fetomaternal bleeding following diagnostic amniocentesis. Obstet. Gynecol. 60:60–64, 1982.
Leong, M., Duby, S. and Kinch, R.A.H.: Fetal-maternal transfusion following early abortion. Obstet. Gynecol. 54:424–426, 1979.
Léwi, S., Barrier, J., Ducas, P. et Clarke, T.K.: Nouvelle observation de transfusion foeto-maternelle. Bull. Féd. Soc. Gynécol. Obstétr. 17:130–136, 1965.
Léwi, S., Clarke, T.K., Guéritat, Walker, P. et Mayer, M.: Less érythrocytes foetaux dans la circulation maternelle. Bull. Gynécol. d’Obstet. 13:535–545, 1961.
Li, T.C. and Bromham, D.R.: Fetomaternal macrotransfusion in the Yorkshire region. 2. Perinatal outcome. Brit. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 95:1152–1158, 1988.
Lipitz, S., Achiron, R., Horoshovski, D., Rotstein, Z., Sherman, D. and Schiff, E.: Fetomaternal haemorrhage discovered after trauma and treated by fetal intravascular transfusion. Europ. J. Obstetr. Gynaecol. Repro. Biol. 71:21–22, 1997.
Litwak, O., Taswell, H.F., Banner, E.A. and Keith, L.: Fetal erythrocytes in maternal circulation after spontaneous abortion. JAMA 214:531–534, 1970.
Lloyd, L.K., Miya, F., Hebertson, R.M., Kochenour, N.K. and Scott, J.R.: Intrapartum fetomaternal bleeding in Rh-negative women. Obstet. Gynecol. 56:285–288, 1980.
Lo, Y.-M.D., Patel, P., Wainscoat, J.S., Sampietro, M., Gillmer, M.D.G. and Fleming, K.A.: Prenatal sex determination by DNA amplification from maternal peripheral blood. Lancet ii:1363–1365, 1989.
Los, F.J., de Wolf, B.T.H.M. and Huisjes, H.J.: Raised maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein levels and spontaneous fetomaternal transfusion. Lancet ii:1210–1212, 1979.
Los, F.J., Jahoda, M.G.J., Wladimiroff, J.W. and Brezinka, C.: Fetal exsanguination by chorionic villus sampling. Lancet 342:1559, 1993.
Low, J.A., Ludwin, S.K. and Fisher, S.: Severe fetal asphyxia associated with neuropathology. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 175:1385–1385, 1996.
Luyet, F., Schmid, J., Maroni, E. and Duc, G.: Massive feto-maternal transfusion during external version with fatal outcome. Arch. Gynäkol. 221:273–275, 1976.
Macris, N.T., Hellman, L.M. and Watson, R.J.: Transmission of transfused sickle-trait cells from mother to fetus. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 76:1214–1218, 1958.
Mannherz, K.H.: Feto-maternale Blutung als Ursache von Neugeborenenanämie. Zbl. Gynäkol. 82:1252–1257, 1960.
Maruko, K., Maeda, T., Kamitomo, M., Hatae, M. and Sueyoshi, K.: Transplacental transmission of maternal B-cell lymphoma. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 191:380–381, 2004.
Mayer, M.M., Anh, J.N.H. et Panigel, M.M.: Observation au microscope électronique du passage d’hématies a travers la paroi des capillaires foetaux dans le placenta humain. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Paris. 260:4605–4606, 1965.
McGowan, G.W.: Massive transplacental hemorrhage with neonatal death. JAMA 203:599–601, 1968.
McLarey, D.C. and Fish, S.A.: Fetal erythrocytes in the maternal circulation. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 95:824–830, 1966.
Megapanos, E.N., Rettos, A.S., Sfontouris, I.G. et Statholoulos, A.I.: La perméabilité du placenta aux érythrocytes maternels au terme grossesse. Gynécol. Obstet. (Paris) 65:233–240, 1966.
Mennuti, M.T., DiGaetano, A., McDonnell, A., Cohen, A.W. and Liston, R.M.: Fetal-maternal bleeding associated with genetic amniocentesis: real-time versus static ultrasound. Obstet. Gynecol. 62:26–30, 1983.
Messer, R.H., Pearse, W.H. and Keenan, H.: Effect of carbazochrome salicylate on transplacental transmission of fetal erythrocytes. Obstet. Gynecol. 27:83–88, 1966.
Michael, A.F. and Mauer, A.M.: Maternal-fetal transfusion as a cause of plethora in the neonatal period. Pediatrics 28:458–461, 1961.
Mollison, P.L.: Quantitation of transplacental haemorrhage. Brit. Med. J. iii:31–34, 1972. (Correction p. 115).
Montgomery, L.D., Belfort, M.A. and Adam, K.: Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage treated with serial combined intravascular and intraperitoneal fetal transfusions. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 173:234–235, 1995.
Mor-Yosef, S., Granat, M., Cividalli, G. and Peleg, O.: Acute feto-maternal transfusion—Diagnostic considerations. Austr. N.Z.J. Obstetr. Gynaecol. 24:219–222, 1984.
Moszkowski, E.F., Eby, B., Shocket, C. and Givila, V.: Cytogenetic evidence for materno-fetal transfusion of polymorphonuclears. J. Reprod. Med. 6:49–51, 1971.
Moya, F.R., Perez, A. and Reece, E.A.: Severe fetomaternal hemorrhage. A report of four cases. J. Reprod. Med. 32:243–246, 1987.
Murray, D.J.: Severe abruptio placentae initiated by trauma and associated with hypofibrinogenemia. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 91:1316–1317, 1964.
Naeye, R.L., Lambert, K.C. and Durfee, H.A.: Widespread infarcts following fetomaternal hemorrhage. Report of case. Obstet. Gynecol. 23:115–117, 1964.
Nance, S.J., Nelson, J.M., Arndt, P.A., Lam, H.-T. C. and Garratty, G.: Quantitation of fetal-maternal hemorrhage by flow cytometry. A simple and accurate method. Amer. J. Clin. Pathol. 91:288–292, 1989.
Ness, P.M.: The assessment of fetal-maternal hemorrhage by an enzyme-linked antiglobulin test for Rh-immune globulin recipients. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 143:788–792, 1982.
Ness, P.M., Baldwin, M.L. and Niebyl, J.R.: Clinical high-risk designation does not predict excess fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 156:154–158, 1987.
Oehlert, G., Mohrmann, J.E. und Michel, C.F.: Untersuchungen zur Plazentapassage fetaler Blutelemente. Zbl. Gynäkol. 82:1544–1551, 1960.
Oehme, J., Hundeshagen, H. und Eschenbach, C.: Über die Passage markierter Leukocyten vom Muttertiere zum Feten—zugleich ein Beitrag zur Runt-Disease. Klin. Wchschr. 44:430–433, 1966.
Olding, L.: The possibility of materno-foetal transfer of lymphocytes in man. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 61:73–75, 1972.
Olding, L., Benirschke, K. and Oldstone, M.B.A.: Inhibition of mitosis of lymphocytes from human adults by lymphocytes from human newborns. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 3:79–89, 1974.
Overstreet, K., Mannino, F.L. and Benirschke, K.: The role of placental pathology in the evaluation of interpersonal violence: a case of abdominal gunshot wound in a 27-week gravid uterus. J. Perinatol. 22:675–678, 2002.
Owen, J., Stedman, C.M. and Tucker, T.L.: Comparison of predelivery versus postdelivery Kleihauer-Betke stains in cases of fetal death. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 161:663–666, 1989.
Pai, M.K.R., Bedritis, I. and Zipursky, A.: Massive transplacental hemorrhage: clinical manifestations in the newborn. Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 112:585–589, 1975.
Palliez, R., Delecour, M., Monnier, K.-C., Hutin, A. et Abdelatif, M.: Passage transplacentaire des hématies foetales durant la grossesse et dans le post-partum. Rev. Franç. Gynécol. 65:579–584, 1970.
Parida, S.K., Kriss, V.M. and Pulito, A.R.: Fetal morbidity and mortality following motor vehicle accident: Two case reports. J. Perinatol. 19:144–146, 1999.
Paros, N.L.: Case of foetal anaemia due to transplacental bleeding seen in general practice. Brit. M. J. i:839–840, 1962.
Pauls, F. and Boutros, P.: The value of placental localization prior to amniocentesis. Obstet. Gynecol. 35:175–177, 1970.
Pearlman, M.D. and Phillips, M.E.: Safety belt use during pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 88:1026–1029, 1996.
Pearlman, M.D., Tintinalli, J.E. and Lorenz, R.P.: Blunt trauma during pregnancy. NEJM 323:1609–1613, 1990a.
Pearlman, M.D., Tintinalli, J.E. and Lorenz, R.P.: A prospective controlled study of outcome after trauma during pregnancy. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 162:1502–1510, 1990b.
Pelikan, D.M., Scherjon, S.A., Mesker, W.E., de Groot-Swings, G.M., Brouwer-Mandema, G.G., Tanke, H.J. and Kanhai, H.H.; Quantification of fetomaternal hemorrhage: a comparative study of the manual and automated microscopic Kleihauer-Betke tests and flow cytometry in clinical samples. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 191:551–557, 2004.
Pembrey, M.E., Weatherhall, D.J. and Clegg, J.B.: Maternal synthesis of haemoglobin F in pregnancy. Lancet i:1350–1355, 1973.
Peyser, M.R. and Toaff, R.: Traumatic rupture of the placenta: a rare cause of fetal death. Obstet. Gynecol. 34:561–563, 1969.
Pielet, B.W., Socol, M.L., MacGregor, S.N., Ney, J.A. and Dooley, S.L.: Cordocentesis: an appraisal of risks. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 159:1497–1500, 1988.
Pilkington, R., Knoz, E.G., Russell, J.K. and Walker, W.: Foetalmaternal transfusion and rhesus sensitisation. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Brit. Cwlth. 73:909–916, 1966.
Pollack, M. and Montague, A.C.W.: Transplacental hemorrhage in postterm pregnancies. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 102:383–387, 1968.
Pollack, M.S., Kirkpatrick, D., Kapoor, N., Dupont, B. and O’Reilly, R.J.: The identification by HLA typing of intrauterine-derived maternal T cells in four patients with severe immunodeficiency. NEJM 307:662–666, 1982.
Pollock, A.: Transplacental haemorrhage after external cephalic version. Lancet 1:612, 1968.
Potter, E.L.: Intervillous thrombi in the placenta and their possible relation to erythroblastosis fetalis. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 56:959–961, 1948.
Pourbabak, S., Rund, C.R. and Crookston, K.P.: Three cases of massive fetomaternal hemorrhage presenting without clinical suspicion. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 128:463–465, 2004.
Pozniak, M.A., Cullenward, M.J., Zickuhr, D. and Curet, L.B.: Venous lake bleeding: a complication of chorionic villus sampling. J. Ultrasound Med. 7:297–299, 1988.
Quintero, R.A., Romero, R., Mahoney, M.J., Abuhamad, A., Vecchio, M., Holden, J. and Hobbins, J.C.: Embryoscopic demonstration of hemorrhagic lesions on the human embryo after placental trauma. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 168: 756–759, 1993.
Raafat, M., Brayton, J.B., Apgar, V. and Borgaonkar, D.S.: A new approach to prenatal diagnosis using trophoblastic cells in maternal blood. Birth Defects Original Article Series 11:295–302, 1975.
Renaer, M., Putte, I.V. de and Vermylen, C.: Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage as cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Europ. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 6:125–140, 1976.
Rijhsinghani, A. and Smith, D.: Self-limiting nonimmune hydrops and acute fetal small bowel distention following maternal trauma. Obstetr. Gynecol. 90:700–701, 1997.
Rodgers, B.D., Marusak, J.J. and Rodgers, D.E.: Criminal prosecution for prenatal injury. Obstet. Gynecol. 80:522–523, 1992.
Rose, P.G., Strohm, P.L. and Zuspan, F.P.: Fetomaternal hemorrhage following trauma. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 153:844–847, 1985.
Rosta, J.: Feto-maternal hemorrhage during pregnancy and delivery. In, Perinatal Medicine, Part II. E. Kerpel-Fronius, P.V. Véghelyi and J. Rosta, eds. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 1978.
Rouse, D. and Weiner, C.: Ongoing fetomaternal hemorrhage treated by serial fetal intravascular transfusions. Obstet. Gynecol. 76:974–975, 1990.
Rudolph, A.J., Abrahamov, A.A. and deVenecia, J.F.: Another case of fetomaternal transfusion. J. Philipp. Med. Assoc. 38:134–137, 1962.
Ryerson, C.S. and Sanes, S.: The age of pregnancy. Histologic diagnosis from percentage of erythroblasts in chorionic capillaries. Arch. Pathol. 17:548–651, 1934.
Saber, R.S.: Stillbirth due to extensive feto-maternal transfusion. N.Y. State J. Med. 77:2249–2250, 1977.
Samadi, R., Miller, D., Settlage, R., Gvazda, I, Paul, R. and Goodwin, T.M.: Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage and fetal death: Is it predictable? Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 174:391 (abstr. 294), 1996.
Santamaria, M., Benirschke, K., Carpenter, P.M., Baldwin, V.J. and Pritchard, J.A.: Transplacental hemorrhage associated with placental neoplasms. Pediatr. Pathol. 7:601–615, 1987.
Schellong, G.: Anämie und Schock beim Neugeborenen durch fetalen Blutverlust. Monatsschr. Kinderh. 117:578–579, 1969.
Schmorl, G.: Pathologisch-Anatomische Untersuchungen über Puerperale Eklampsie. F.C.W. Vogel, Leipzig, 1893.
Schmorl, G.: Über das Schicksal embolisch verschleppter Plazentarzellen. Verhandl. Deutsch. Pathol. Gesellsch. 8:39–46, 1905.
Schneider, J. und Ludwig, G.A.: Eine neue Zählmethode zur quantitativen Erfassung kleinster Mengen fetaler, in den mütterlichen Kreislauf eingeschwemmter Erythrocyten. Klin. Wschr. 41:563–565, 1963.
Schröder, J.: Review article: Transplacental passage of blood cells. J. Med. Genet. 12:230–242, 1975.
Schröder, J., Schröder, E. and Cann, H.M.: Fetal cells in the maternal blood. Lack of response of fetal cells in maternal blood to mitogens and mixed leukocyte culture. Hum. Genet. 38:91–97, 1977.
Schultze, P.M., Stamm, C.A. and Roger, J.: Placental abruption and fetal death with airbag deployment in a motor vehicle accident. Obstet. Gynecol. 92:719, 1998.
Seligman, S.P. and Young, B.K.: Tachycardia as the sole fetal heart rate abnormality after funipuncture. Obstet. Gynecol. 87:833–834, 1996.
Selypes, A. and Lorencz, R.: A noninvasive method for determination of the sex and karyotype of the fetus from the maternal blood. Hum. Genet. 79:357–359, 1988.
Shahar, E., Birenbaum, E., Inbar, D. and Brish, M.: Hypovolemic shock at birth due to extensive fetomaternal hemorrhage. Israel J. Med. Sci. 17:441–444, 1981.
Shields, L.E., Widness, J.A. and Brace, R.A.: Restoration of fetal red blood cells and plasma proteins after a moderately severe hemorrhage in the ovine fetus. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 169:1472–1478, 1993.
Shields, L.E., Widness, J.A. and Brace, R.A.: The hematologic and plasma iron responses to severe fetal hemorrhage in the ovine fetus. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 174:55–61, 1996.
Shiller, J.G.: Shock in the newborn caused by transplacental hemorrhage from fetus to mother. Pediatrics 20:7–11, 1957.
Shulman, L.P., Meyers, C.M., Simpson, J.L., Andersen, R.N., Tolley, E.A. and Elias, S.: Fetomaternal transfusion depends on amount of chorionic villi aspirated but not on method of chorionic villus sampling. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 162:1185–1188, 1990.
Shurin, S.B.: The blood and the hematopoietic system. In, A.A. Fanaroff & R.J. Martin, eds. Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. Chapter 32 I. C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, 1987. pp. 826–827.
Silver, M.M. and Newman, C.: Letter to the editor. Pediatr. Developm. Pathol. 1:172–173, 1998.
Simon, N.V., Virgilio, L.A., Beaverson, M.L. and Deveney, L.B.: Detection of large fetal-maternal transfusions. Obstet. Gynecol. 52:249–252, 1978.
Simpson, J.L. and Elias, S.: Fetal Cells in Maternal Blood. Prospects for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 731:1–270, 1994.
Smith, J.J. and Benjamin, F.: Post-hemorrhagic anemia and shock in the newborn at birth. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 23:511–521, 1968.
Smith, K., Duhring, J.L., Greene, J.W., Rochlin, D.B. and Blakemore, W.S.: Transfer of maternal erythrocytes across the human placenta. Obstet. Gynecol. 18:673–676, 1961.
Stafford, P.A., Biddinger, P.W. and Zumwalt, R.E.: Lethal intrauterine fetal trauma. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 159:485–489, 1988.
Stein, G.A.V., Munsick, R.A., Stiver, K. and Ryder, K.: Fetomaternal hemorrhage in threatened abortion. Obstet. Gynecol. 79:383–386, 1992.
Stiller, A.G. and Skafish, P.R.: Placental chorangioma: a rare cause of fetomaternal transfusion with maternal hemolysis and fetal distress. Obstet. Gynecol. 67:296–298, 1986.
Stonehill, L.L. and LaFerla, J.J.: Assessment of fetomaternal hemorrhage with Kleihauer-Betke test. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 155:1146, 1986.
Streiff, F., Peters, A. et Vincent, D.: La perméabilité placentaire aux hématies. Pathologie-Biologie 12:963–972, 1964.
Sullivan, J.F. and Jennings, E.R.: Transplacental fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Amer. J. Pathol. 46:36–42, 1966.
Suzumori, K., Adachi, R., Okada, S., Narukawa, T., Yagami, Y. and Sonta, S.: Fetal cells in the maternal circulation: Detection of Y-sequence by gene amplification. Obstet. Gynecol. 80:150–154, 1992.
Theurer, D.E. and Kaiser, I.H.: Traumatic fetal death without uterine injury. Report of a case. Obstet. Gynecol. 21:477–480, 1963.
Tomoda, Y.: Demonstration of foetal erythrocyte by immunofluorescent staining. Nature 202:910–911, 1964.
Valle, Del G.O., Joffe, G.M., Izquierdo, L.A., Smith, J.F., Kasnic, T., Gilson, G.J., Chatterjee, M.S. and Curet, L.B.: Acute posttraumatic fetal anemia treated with fetal intravascular transfusion. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 166:127–129, 1992.
Van Kamp, I.L., Klumper, F.J.C.M., Oepkes, D., Meerman, R.H., Scherjon, S.A., Vandenbussche, F.P.H.A. and Kanhai, H.H.H.: Complications of intrauterine intravascular transfusion for fetal anemia due to re-cell alloimmunization. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 192:171–177, 2005.
Veyver, I.V.D., Saade, G., Lockett, L., Hudson, K. and Moise, K.: The use of Kleihauer-Betke stain in pregnant patients with abdominal trauma. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 168:432 (abstr. 492), 1993.
Virgilio, L.A. and Simon, N.V.: Measurement of fetal cells in the maternal circulation. Obstet. Gynecol. 50:364–366, 1977.
Voigt, J.C. and Britt, R.P.: Feto-maternal haemorrhage in therapeutic abortion. Br. Med. J. 2:395–396, 1969.
Walsh, J.J. and Lewis, B.V.: Transplacental haemorrhage due to termination of pregnancy. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 77:133–136, 1970.
Walter, P., Lewi, S., Loewe-Lyon, S. et Clarke, T.K.: Transfusion foeto-maternelle avec hypertrophie du placenta. Gynecol. Obstet. (Paris) 64:103–110, 1965.
Warren, R.C., Butler, J., Morsman, J.M., McKenzie, C. and Rodeck, C.H.: Does chorionic villus sampling cause fetomaternal haemorrhage? Lancet 1:691, 1985.
Wentworth, P.: A placental lesion to account for foetal haemorrhage into the maternal circulation. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Brit. Cwlth. 71:379–387, 1964.
Wickster, G.Z.: Posthemorrhagic shock in the newborn. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 63:524–537, 1952.
Wiener, A.S.: Diagnosis and treatment of anemia of the newborn caused by occult placental hemorrhage. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 56:717–722, 1948.
Williams, J.K., McCalin, L., Rosemurgy, A.S. and Colorado, N. M.: Evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma in the third trimester of pregnancy: maternal and fetal considerations. Obstet. Gynecol. 75:33–37, 1990.
Willis, C. and Foreman, C.S.: Chronic massive fetomaternal hemorrhage: a case report. Obstet. Gynecol. 71:459–461, 1988.
Wong, T.T.T. and Cann, M.C.K.: Transfusion reaction following ABO-incompatible maternofetal transfusion. J. Pediatr. 80:479–483, 1972.
Woodrow, J.C. and Finn, R.: Transplacental haemorrhage. Brit. J. Haematol. 12:297–309, 1966.
Young, P.E., Matson, M.R. and Jones, O.W.: Fetal exsanguination and other vascular injuries from midtrimester amniocentesis. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 129:21–24, 1977.
Zarou, D.M., Lichtman, H.C. and Hellman, L.M.: The transmission of chromium-51 tagged maternal erythrocytes from mother to fetus. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 88:565–571, 1964.
Zilliacus, H.: Agglutinated incompatible fetal erythrocytes in the maternal circulation. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 86:1093–1095, 1963.
Zilliacus, R., Chapelle, A. de la, Schröder, J., Tilikainen, A., Kohne, E. and Kleihauer, E.: Transplacental passage of foetal blood cells. Scand. J. Haematol. 15:333–338, 1975.
Zipursky, A., Hull, A., White, F.D. and Israel, L.G.: Foetal erythrocytes in the maternal circulation. Lancet i:451–452, 1959.
Zipursky, A., Pollock, J., Chown, B. and Israels, L.G.: Transplacental foetal haemorrhage after placental injury during delivery or amniocentesis. Lancet ii:493–494, 1963a.
Zipursky, A., Pollock, J., Neelands, P., Chown, B. and Israels, L. G.: The transplacental passage of foetal red blood-cells and the pathogenesis of Rh immunisation during pregnancy. Lancet ii:489–493, 1963b.
Zizka, Z., Calda, P., Zlatohlavkova, B., Haakova, L., Cerna, M., Jirasek, J.E., Fait, T., Hajek, Z. and Kvasnicka, J.: Massive fetomaternal transplacental hemorrhage as a perinatology problem, role of ABO fetomaternal compatibility—case studies. Med. Sci. Monit. 7:308–311, 2001.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2006). Transplacental Hemorrhage, Cell Transfer, Trauma. In: Pathology of the Human Placenta. Springer, New York, NY . https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26742-5_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26742-5_17
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-26738-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-26742-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)