Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Biological Magnetic Resonance ((BIMR,volume 23))

Abstract

Frequencies lower than X-band give better-resolved CW EPR spectra for copper(II) complexes. Use of S-band (2-4 GHz) revealed a new type of copper center in proteins. In the g|| region of the spectrum there is narrowing of the linewidths for negative values of mI with minimum linewidths near 3 GHz. Examples of S-band spectra are given for particulate methane monooxygenase, Cu-substituted prions, azurin, laccase, mixed valence dinuclear copper sites in nitrous oxide reductase and Cytochrome c oxidase, and from Cu in clusters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

6. References

  • Aasa, R., Branden, R., Malmstrom, B.G., Reinhammar, B. and VänngÃ¥rd, T., 1976, A 17O-Effect on the EPR Spectrum of the Intermediate in the Dioxygen-Laccase Reaction, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 70:1204–1209.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albracht, S.P.J., van der Zwaan, J.W. and Fontijn, R.D., 1984, EPR Spectra at 4, 9, and 35 GHz of Hydrogenase from Chromatium vinosum: Direct Evidence for Spin-Spin Interaction between Ni(III) and the Iron-Sulpher Cluster, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 766:245–258.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antholine, W.E., 1997, Evolution of Mononuclear to Binuclear CuA: An EPR Study, Adv. In Biophys. Chem., 6:217–246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antholine, W.E., Hanna, P.M. and McMillan, D.R., 1993, Low Frequency EPR of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Azurin: Analysis of Ligand Superhyperfine Structure fro a Type 1 copper Site, Biophys. J., 64:267–272.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antholine, W.E., Kastrau, D.H.W., Steffens, G.C.M., Buse, G., Zumft, W.G. and Kroneck, P.M.H., 1992, A Comparative EPR Investigation of the Multicopper Proteins Nitrous-Oxide Reductase and CytochromecOxidase, Eur. J. Biochem. 209:875–88

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, C., 1986, Bacterial oxidation of methane and methanol. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 27:113–209.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aronoff-Spencer, E, Burns, C. S., Avdievich, N.I., Gerfen, G. J., Peisach, J., Antholine, W.E., Ball, H.L., Cohen, F.E., Prusiner, S.B., Millhauser, G.L., 2000, Identification of the Cu2+Binding Sites in the N-Terminal Domain of the Prion Protein by EPR and CD Spectroscopy. Biochemistry, 39: 13760–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basosi, R., Antholine, W.E. and Hyde, J.S., 1993, Multifrequency ESR of Copper: Biophysical Applications, in: Biological Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 13, L. J. Berliner and J. Reuben, eds. (Plenum Press, NY) pp. 103–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basosi, R., Antholine, W.E., Froncisz, W. and Hyde, J.S., 1984, Spin-Hamiltonian Input Parameters in the EPR Analysis of Liquid Phase Copper Complexes, J. Chem. Phys. 81:4849–4857.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belford, R.L. and Duan, D.C., 1978, Determination of Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling by simulation of EPR spectra of Frozen Solutions, J. Magn. Reson. 29:293.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. Djinovic-Carugo, K., Haltia, T., Cabrito, I., Saraste, M., Moura, J.J.G., Moura, I., Tegoni, M. and Cambillau, C., 2000, Revisiting the Catalytic CuZ Cluster of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Reductase, J. Biol. Chem. 275:41133–41136.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burdi, D., Williems, J.,-P., Riggs-Gelasco, P., Antholine, W.E., Stubbe, J., Hoffman, B.M., 1998, The Core Structure of X Generated in the Assembly of the Diiron Cluster of Ribonucleotide Reductase: 17O2 and H217O ENDOR, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120:12910–12919.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, C.S., Aronoff-Spencer, E., Dunham, C.M., Lario, P., Avdievich, N.I., Antholine, W.E., Olmstead, M.M., Vrielink, A., 2002, Molecular Features of the Copper Binding Sites in the Octarepeat Domain of the Prion Protein, Biochemistry, 41:3991–4001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buse, G., Soulimane, T., Dewor, M., Meyer, H.E. and Bluggel, M. 1999, Evidence for a Copper-Coordinated Histidine-Tyrosine Cross-Link in the Active Site of Cytochrome Oxidase, Protein Sci. 8:985–990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, P., George, S.D., Cabrito, I., Antholine, W.E., Moura, J.J.G., Moura, I., Hedman, B., Hodgson, K.O. and Solomon, E.I., 2002, Electronic Structure Description of the μ4-Sulfide Bridged Tetranuclear Cuz Center in N2O Reductase, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124:744–745.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coremans, J.W.A., Poluektov, O.G., Groenen, G.J.J., Canters, G.W., Nar, H. and Messerschmidt, A., 1994, A W-band Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study of a Single Crystal of Azurin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:3097–3101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coremans, J.W.A., van Gastel, M., Poluektov, O.G., Groenen, G.J.J., den Blaauwen, T., van Pouderoyen, G., Canters, G.W., Nar, H., Hammann C. and Messerschmidt, A., 1995, An ENDOR and ESSEM Study of the Blue Copper Protein Azurin, Chem. Phys. Letters 235:202–210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, S.S., More, K.M., Sawant, B.M. and Eaton, G.R., 1983, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 6560–6567.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, S.S., Eaton, G.R. and Chang, C.K., 1985, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 3177–3184.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Froncisz, W. and Hyde, J.S., 1982, The Loop gap Resonator: A New Microwave Lumped Circuit ESR Sample Structure, J. Magn. Reson. 47:515.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Froncisz, W. and Hyde, J.S., 1980, Broadening by Strains of Lines in the g-Parallel Region of Cu2+ EPR Spectra, J. Chem. Phys., 73:3123–3131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gromov, I, Krymov, V., Manikandan, P.; Arieli, D. and Goldfarb, D., 1999, A W-Band Pulsed ENDOR Spectrometer: Setup and Application to Transition Metal Centers, J. Magn. Reson., 139:8–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, P.M., McMillin, D.R., Pasenkiewicz-Gierula, M., Antholine, W.E. and Reinhammar, B., 1988, Type 2-Depleted Fungal Laccase, Biochem. J. 253:561–568.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R.S. and Hanson, T.E., 1996, Methanotrophic bacteria, Microbiol. Rev. 60:439471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R.S., Netrusov, A.I and Tsuji, K., 1991, The obligate methanotropic bacteria Methylococcus. Methylomonas, and Methylosinus, in The Procaryotes. A. Bolows, H. G. Truper, M. Dworkin, and K. Schliefer, editors. Springer Verlag, New York, 2350–2364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hay, M., Richards, J.H. and Lu, Y., 1996, Construction and Characterization of an Azurin Analog for the Purple Copper Site in Cytochrome c Oxidase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:461–464.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holm R.H., Kennepohl, P. and Solomon, E.I., 1996, Structural and Functional Aspects of Metal Sites in Biology, Chem. Rev. 96:2239–2314.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, J., Ostermeier, C., Ludwig, B. and Michel, H., 1995, Structure at 2.8A Resolution of Cytochrome c Oxidase from Paracoccus denitrificans, Nature, 376:660–669.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamachi, T., Miyaji, A. and Okura, I., 2001, Effect of detergents on the purification of particulate methane monooxygenase from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, J. Inorg., Biochem. 86:285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroneck, P.M.H., in Handbook of Metalloproteins (editors, Albrecht Messerschmidt, Robert Huber, Thomas Poulos, Karl Wieghardt, Vol. 2, John Wiley and Sons, LTD, Chichester, New York, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroneck, P.M.H., Antholine, W.E., Riester, J. and Zumft, W.G., 1988, The Cupric Site in Nitrous Oxide Reductase Contains a Mixed-Valence [Cu(II),Cu(I)] Binuclear Center: A Multifrequency Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Investigation, FEBS Lett. 247:70–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroneck, P.M.H., Antholine, W.E., Riester, J. and Zumft, W.G., 1989, The Nature of the Cupric Site in Nitrous Oxide Reductase of a CuA in Cytochrome C Oxidase, FEBS Lett. 248:212–213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroneck, P.M.H., Antholine, W.E., Kastrau, D.H., Buse, G., Steffens, G.C.M. and Zumft, W.G., 1990, Multifrequency EPR Evidence for a Bimetallic Center at the CuA Site in Cytochrome c Oxidase, FEBS Lett. 268:274–276.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroneck, P.M.H., Riester, J., Zumft, W.G. and Antholine, W.E., 1990, The Copper Site in Nitrous Oxide Reductase, Biol. Met. 3:103–109.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S-K., George, S.D., Antholine, W.E., Hedman, B., Hodgson, K.O. and Solomon, E.I., 2002, Nature of the Intermediate Formed in the Reduction of O2 to H2O at the Trinuclear Copper Cluster Active Site in Native Laccase, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124:6180–6193.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S-K. and Solomon, E.I., 1999, Spectroscopic Analysis of Dioxygen Activation by the Trinuclear Copper cluster in Laccase, J. Inorg. Biochem. 74:202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemos, S.S., Collins, M.L.P., Eaton, S.S., Eaton, G.R. and Antholine, W.E., 2000, Comparison of EPR-visible Cu2+ Sites in pMMO from M. capsulatus (Bath) and M. album BG8, Biophys. J. 79:1085–1094.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lemos, S.S., Yuan, H., Collins, M.L.P. and Antholine, W.E., Review of Multifrequency EPR of Copper in Particulate Methane Monooxygenase, 2002, Curr. Top. Biophys., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemos, S.S., Collins, M.L.P. and Antholine, W.E., 2001, A Search for a Cluster in pMMO: the Broad g = 2.1 Signal Revisited, 2001, J. Inorg. Biochem. 86, Abstr. pg. 126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., McMillin, D.R. and Antholine, W.E., 1992, Evidence for Temperature-Dependent Changes in the Coupling Within the Type 2/Type 3 Cluster of Laccase, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114:725–727.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, P.M., Malmstrom, B.G. and Chan, S.I., 1989, The Nature of CuA in Cytochrome c Oxidase, FEBS Lett. 248:210–211.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, R.L., Doan, P.E., Hoffman, B.M., and Rosenzweig, A. C., 2001, Characterization of the particulate form of methane monoxygenase (pMMO) from Methyloccus capsulatus (Bath) and Methylosinus albus BG8, J. Inorg. Biochem., 86:316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, J., Bender, C.J., McCracken, J., Peisach, J., Severns, J.C. and McMillin, D.R., 1992, Pulsed EPR Studies of the Type 2 Copper Binding Site in the Mercury Derivative of Laccase, Biochemistry, 31:6265–6272.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lukoyanov, D., Lu, Y., Berry, S.M., Antholine, W.E. and Scholes, C.P., 2002, Role of the Coordinating Histidine in Altering the Mixed-Valency of CuA: An ENDOR-EPR Investigation, Biophys. J., 82:2758–2766.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacMillan, F., Kannt, A., Behr, J., Prisner, T. and Michel, H., 1999, Direct Evidence for a Tyrosine Radical in the Reaction of Cytochrome c Oxidase with Hydrogen Peroxide, Biochemistry, 38:9179–9184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, H.E., Mange, A., Nishida, N., Creminon, C., Casanova, D. and Lehmann, S., 2001, Cleavage of the amino terminus of the prion protein by reactive oxygen species, J. Biol. Chem., 276:2286–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Messerschmidt, A., Huber, R., van de Kamp, M. and Canters, G.W., 1992, Refined Crystal Structure of Ascorbate Oxidase at 1.9Ã… Resolution, J. Mol. Biol., 224:179–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C., Fajardo, J., Antholine, W.E. and McMillin, D. R. An Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Method for Quantification of Copper Isotopes in Proteins: Application to a Mixed-Isotope Derivative of Laccase, 1995, Anal. Biochem. 227:69–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morie-Bebel, M.M., McMillin, D.R. and Antholine, W.E., 1986, Multi-Frequency EPR Studies of a Mercury-Containing Mixed-Metal Derivative of Laccase, Biochem. J. 235:415–420.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nar, H., Messerschmidt, A., Huber, R., van de Kamp, M. and Canters, G.W., 1991, Crystal structure of oxidized Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin at pH5.5 and pH 9.0: A pH-induced conformational transition involves a peptide bond flip, J. Mol. Biol. 221:765–772.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neese, F., Zumft, W.G., Antholine, W.E. and Kroneck, P.M.H., 1996, The Purple Mixed-Valence CuA Center in Nitrous-oxide Reductase: EPR of the Copper-63-, Copper-65-, and Both Copper-65-and [15N] Histidine-Enriched Enzyme and a Molecular Orbital Interpretation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118:8692–8699.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newton, M. E. and Hyde, J.S., 1991, ENDOR at S-band (2–4 GHz) Microwave Frequencies, J. Magn. Reson., 95:80–87.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, H-H.T., Elliott, S.J., Yip, J.H-H. and Chan, S.I., 1998, The particulate methane monooxygenase from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) is a novel copper-containing three-subunit enzyme, J. Biol. Chem., 273:7957–7966.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, H-H. T., Nakagawa, K. H., Hedman, B., Elliott, S. J., Lidstrom, M. E., Hodgson, K. O., and Chan, S. I., 1996, X-ray Absorption and EPR Studies on the Copper Ions Associated with Particulate Methane Monooxygenase from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath). Cu(I) Ions and their Implications, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118:12766–12776.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, H-H.T., Shiemke, A.K., Jacobs, S.J., Hales, B., Lidstrom, M.E., and Chan, S.I., 1994, The Nature of the Copper Ions in the Membranes containing the Particulate Methane Monooxygenase from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath), J. Biol. Chem. 269:14995–15005.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peisach, J. and Blumberg, W.E., 1974, Structural Implications Derived from the Analysis of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectra of Natural and Artificial Copper Proteins, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 165:691–708.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prior, S.D. and Dalton, H., 1985, The effect of copper ions on membrane content and methane monooxygenase activity in methanol-grown cells of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath), J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:155–163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranjan, N. and Surewicz, W.K., 2001, The Role of a Disulfide Bridge in the Folding and Stability of the Recombinant Human Prion Protein, J. Biol. Chem., 276:2427–2431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakhit, G., Antholine, W.E., Froncisz, W., Hyde, J.S., Pilbrow, J.R., Sinclair, G.R. and Sarkar, B., 1985, Direct Evidence of Nitrogen Coupling in the Copper(II) Complex of Bovine Serum Albumin by S-Band Electron Spin Resonance Technique, J. Inorg. Biochem. 25:217–224.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Requena, J.R., Groth, D., Legname, G., Stadtman, E.R., Prusiner, S.B. and Levine, R., 2001, Copper-catalyzed oxidation of the recombinant Sha(29-231) prion protein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98:7170–7175.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robin, M.B. and Day, P., 1967, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 10:247.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slutter, C.E., Gromov, I., Richards, J.H., Pecht, I. and Goldfarb, D., 1999, Mutations of the Weak Axial Ligand in the Thermus CuA Center Modulates Its Electronic Structure, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121:5077–5078.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundaram, U.M., Zhang, H.H., Hedman, B., Hodgson, K.O. and Solomon, E.I., 1997, Spectroscopic Investigation of Peroxide Binding to the Trinuclear Copper Cluster Site in Laccase: Correlation with the Peroxy-Level Intermediate and Relevance to Catalysis, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119:12525–12540.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsukihara, T., Aoyama, H., Yamashita, E., Tomizaki, T., Yamaguchi, H., Shimzawa-Itoh, K., Nakashima, R., Yaono, R., Yoshikawa, S., 1995, Structures of metal sites of oxidized bovine heart cytochrome oxidase at 2.8 Ã…., Science, 269:1069–1074.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsukihara, T., Aoyama, H., Yamashita, E., Tomizaki, T., Yamaguchi, H., Shimzawa-Itoh, K., Nakashima, R., Yaono, R., Yoshikawa, S., 1996, The Whole Structure of the 13-Subunit Oxidized Cytochrome c Oxidase at 2.8 Ã…, Science, 272:1136–1144.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tukhvatullin, I.A., Gvozdev, R.I. and Andersson, K.K., 2000, The structure of the active center of β-peptide membrane-bound methane monooxygenase (pMMO) from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath), Doklady Biochemistry, 374:177–182.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Oost, J., Lappapainen, P., Musacchio, A., Warne, A., Lemieux, L., Rumbley, J., Gennis, R.B., Aasa, R., Pascher, T., Malmstrom, B.G. and Saraste, M., 1991, Restoration of a Lost Metal-Binding: Construction of Two Different Copper Sites into a Subunit of the E. coli Cytochrome o Quinol Oxidase Complex, EMBO J., II:3209–3217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Doorshaer, S.V., Cereghetti, G.M., Glockshuber, R., Schweiger, A., 2001, Unraveling the Cu2+ Binding Sites in the C-Terminal Domain of the Murine Prion Protein: A Pulse EPR and ENDOR Study, J. Phys. Chem. B. 105:1631–1639.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Gastel, M., Coremans; J.W.A., Jeuken, L.J.C., Canters, G.W. and Groenen, E.J.J., 1998, Electron Spin-Echo Envelope Modulation Spectrum of Azurin at X-Band, J. Phys. Chem. A 102:4462–4470.

    Google Scholar 

  • VänngÃ¥rd, T., 1972, Copper Proteins, in Biological Applications of Electron Spin Resonance (H. M. Swartz, J. R. Bolton, and D. C. Borg, eds.) Wiley-Interscience, New York, p. 411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilce, M.C.J., Dooley, D.M., Freeman, H.C., Guss, J.M., Matsunami, H., McIntire, W.S., Ruggiero, C.E., Tanizawa, K. and Yamaguchi, H., 1997, Crystal Structures of the Copper-Containing Amine Oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis in the Holo and Apo Forms: Implications for the Biogensis of Topaquinone, Biochemistry 36:16116–16133.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, H., Antholine, W.E. and Kroneck, P.M.H., 1998, Complexation of Type 2 Copper by Cytochrome c Oxidase: Probing of Metal-Specific Binding Sites by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, J. Inorg. Biochem. 71:99–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, H., Collins, M.L.P. and Antholine, W.E., 1997, Low-Frequency EPR of the Copper in Particulate Methane Monooxygenase from Methylmicrobium albus BG8, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119:5073–5074.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, H., Collins, M.L.P. and Antholine, W.E., 1999, Type 2 Cu(2+) in pMMO from Methylomicrobium album BG8, Biophys. J. 76:2223–2229.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zahn, J.A. and DiSpirito, A.A., 1996, Membrane-associated methane monooxygenase from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath). J. Bacterial. 178:1018–1029.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhen, Y., Schmidt, B., Kang, U.G., Antholine, W.E., Ferguson-Miller, S., 2002, The CuA Site of Cytochrome c Oxidase of Rhodobacter sphaerodes: I. Spectral and Functional Properties of Ligand Mutants, Biochemistry, 41:2288–2297.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Antholine, W.E. (2005). Low Frequency EPR of Cu2+ in Proteins. In: Eaton, S.R., Eaton, G.R., Berliner, L.J. (eds) Biomedical EPR, Part A: Free Radicals, Metals, Medicine, and Physiology. Biological Magnetic Resonance, vol 23. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26741-7_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26741-7_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-48506-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-26741-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics