Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abadi, R. V. (1980), Pattern contrast thresholds in latent nystagmus. Acta Ophthalmol., 58: 210–220.
Abadi, R. V., Broomhead, D. S., Clement, R. A., Whittle, J. P. and Worfolk, R. (1997). Dynamical systems analysis: a new method of analyzing congenital nystagmus wave-forms. Exp. Brain Res., 117: 335–361.
Abadi, R. V. and Dickinson, C. M. (1986). Waveform characteristics in congenital nystagmus. Doc Ophthal., 64: 153–167.
Abadi, R. V., Dickinson, C. M., Pascal, E., Whittle, J. and Worfolk, R. (1991). Sensory and motor aspects of congenital nystagmus. In R. Schmid, and D. Zambarbieri (eds.), Oculomotor Control and Congnitive Processes, pp. 249–262, North Holland: Elsevier Science.
Abadi, R. V. and Sandikcioglu, M. (1974). Electro-oculographic responses in a case of bilateral idiopathic nystagmus. Br. J. Phys. Optics, 29: 73–85.
Abadi, R. V. and Scallan, C. J. (1999). Manifest latent and congenital nystagmus wave-forms in the same subject. A need to reconsider the underlying mechanisms of nystagmus. Neuro-ophthalmol., 21: 211–221.
Abadi, R. V. and Scallan, C. J. (2000). Waveform characteristics of manifest latent nystagmus. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41: 3805–3817.
Abadi, R. V. and Scallan, C. J. (2001). Ocular oscillations on eccentric gaze. Vis. Res., 41: 2895–2907.
Abadi, R. V., Scallan, C. J. and Clement, R. A. (2000). The charactersitics of dynamic overshoots in square-wave jerks, and in congenital and manifest latent nystagmus. Vis. Res., 40: 2813–2829.
Abel, L. A. (1990). Ocular oscillations: congenital and acquired. In R. B. Daroff and A. Neetens (eds.), Neurological Organization of Ocular Movements, pp. 163–189. Amsterdam: Kluger and Ghedini.
Abel, L. A., DelľOsso, L. F. and Daroff, R. B. (1978). Analog model for gaze-evoked nystagmus. IEEE Transactions of Biomedical Engineering, 25: 71–75.
Abel, L. A., Parker, L., Daroff, R. B. and DelľOsso, L. F. (1978). End point nystagmus. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 17: 539–544.
Abel, L. A., Traccis, S., DelľOsso, L. F. and Troost, B. T. (1984). Square wave oscillation: the relationship between saccadic intrusions and oscillations. Neuro-ophthalmol., 4: 21–25.
Broomhead, D. S., Clement, R. A., Muldoon, M. R., Whittle, J. P., Scallan, C. and Abadi, R. V. (2000). Modelling of congenital nystagmus waveforms produced by saccadic system abnormalities. Biol. Cybern., 82: 391–399.
Cohen, B. and Komatsuzakai, A. (1972). Eye movements induced by stimulation of the pontine reticular formation: evidence for integration in oculomotor pathways. Exp. Neurol., 36: 101–117.
DelľOsso, L. F. (1967). A model for the horizontal tracking system of a subject with nystagmus: visual and vestibular responses. 20th Annual Conference on Engineering and Medicine. USA.
DelľOsso, L. F. (1985). Congenital latent and manifest latent nystagmus: similarities, differences, and relation to strabismus. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol., 29: 351–363.
DelľOsso, L. F. (1996). See-saw nystagmus in dogs and humans: an international, across discipline, serendipitous collaboration. Neurology, 47: 1372–1374.
DelľOsso, L. F. and Daroff, R. B. (1975). Congenital nystagmus waveforms and foveation strategy. Doc Ophthalmol., 39: 155–182.
DelľOsso, L. F. and Daroff, R. B. (1999). Nystagmus and saccadic intrusions and oscillations. In J. S. Glaser (Ed.), Neuro-ophthalmology, pp. 369–401, Philadelphia: Lippencott.
DelľOsso, L. F., Schmidt, D. and Daroff, R. B. (1977). Latent, manifest latent and congenital nystagmus. Arch. Ophthalmol., 97: 1877–1885.
DelľOsso, L. F. and Williams, R. W. (1995). Ocular motor abnormalities in achiasmatic mutant Belgium sheepdogs: unyoked eye movements in a mammal. Vis. Res., 35: 109–116.
Eizenman, M., Cheng, P., Sharpe, J. A. and Frecker, R. C. (1990). Endpoint nystagmus and ocular drift: an experimental and theoretical study. Vis. Res., 30: 863–877.
Everling, S., Paré, M., Dorris, M. C. and Munoz, D. P. (1998). Comparison of the discharge characteristics of brain stem omni-pause neurons and superior colliculus neurons in monkeys: implications for control of fixation and saccadic behavior. J. Neurophys., 79: 511–528.
Gage, J. E., Abadi, R. V., Lloyd, I. C. and Thompson, C. M. (2001). Fixation stability and infantile cataract. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 42: S164.
Harris, C. M. (1995). Problems modeling congenital nystagmus: towards a new model. In J. M. Findlay, R. Walker and R. W. Kentridge (eds.), Eye Movement Research: Processes, Mechanisms, and Applications, pp. 239–253. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Harris, C. M. (1997). Nystagmus and eye movement disorders. In D. Taylor (ed.), Paediatric Ophthalmology. pp. 869–896. Oxford: Blackwell Press.
Herishanu, Y. O. and Sharpe, J. A. (1981). Normal square wave jerks. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 20: 268–272.
Ishikawa, S. (1979). Latent nystagmus and its etiology. In R. D. Reineke (ed.), Third Meeting of the International Strabismological Association, pp. 203–214. New York: Grune and Stratton.
Kaplan, D. and Glass, L. (1995). Understanding Non-linear Dynamics. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Leigh, R. J. and Zee, D. S. (1999). The Neurology of Eye Movements. Philadelphia: Davis.
Lynch, J. C., Mountcastle, V. B, Talbot, W. H. and Yin, T. C. (1977). Parietal lobe mechanisms for directed visual attention. J. Neurophysiol., 40: 445–461.
Munoz, D. P. and Wurtz, R. H. (1992). Role of rostral superior colliculus in active visual fixation and execution of express saccades. J. Neurophysiol., 67: 1000–1002.
Optican, L. M. and Zee, D. S. (1984). A hypothetical explanation of congenital nystagmus. Biol. Cybern., 50: 119–134.
Robinson, D. A. (1968). Eye movement control in primates. Science, 161: 1219–1224.
Robinson, D. A. (1975). Oculomotor control signals. In G. Lennerstrand and P. Bach-y-Rita (eds.), Basic Mechanisms of Ocular Motility and their Clinical Implications, pp. 3370–374. Pergamon Press.
Shallo-Hoffmann, J., Peterson, J. and Müulendyck, H. (1989). How normal are “normal square wave jerks”. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 30: 1009–1011.
Skavenski, A. A, Hansen, R. M., Steinman, R. M. and Winterson, B. J. (1979). Quality of retinal image stabilisation during small natural and artificial body rotations in man. Vis. Res., 19: 675–683.
Tusa, R. J., Zee, D. S., Hain, T. C. and Simonsz, H. J. (1992). Voluntary control of congenital nystagmus. Clin. Vis. Sci., 7: 195–210.
van Gisbergen, J. A. M., Robinson, D. A. and Gielens, S. (1981). A quantitative analysis of generation of saccadic eye movements by burst neurons. J. Neurophys., 45: 417–441.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Abadi, R.V., Clement, R., Gowen, E. (2003). Levels of Fixation. In: Harris, L., Jenkin, M. (eds) Levels of Perception. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-22673-7_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-22673-7_11
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-95525-4
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-22673-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive