Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

An overview of Acipenseriformes

  • Chapter
Sturgeon Biodiversity and Conservation

Part of the book series: Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes ((DEBF,volume 17))

Synopsis

Acipenseriformes occupy a special place in the history of ideas concerning fish evolution, but in many respects, phylogenetic studies of the group remain in their infancy. Even such basic questions as the monophyly of Acipenser (the largest genus) are unanswered. We define relationships based on comparative osteology, which allows us to incorporate well-preserved fossils into analyses. Acipenseriformes has existed at least since the Lower Jurassic (approximately 200 MYBP), and all fossil and recent taxa are from the Holarctic. Phylogenetic relationships among Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic actinopterygians are problematic, but most workers agree that Acipenseriformes is monophyletic and derived from some component of ‘paleonisciform’ fishes. (‘Paleonisciformes’ is a grade of primitive non-neopterygian actinopterygians, sensu Gardiner 1993.) Taxa discussed in comparison here are: †Cheirolepis, Polypterus, †Mimia. †Moythomasia, †Birgeria, †Saurichthys, Lepisosteus and Amia. We review generic diversity within the four nominal families of fossil and recent Acipenseriformes (†Chondrosteidae, †Peipiaosteidae, Polyodontidae, and Acipenseridae), and provide a cladogram summarizing osteological characters for those four groups. Monophyly of the two extant families is well-supported, but there are no comprehensive studies of all of the known species and specimens of †Chondrosteidae and †Peipiaosteidae. As a result, sister-group relationships among †Chondrosteidae, †Peipiaosteidae, and Acipenseroidei (= Polyodontidae + Acipenseridae)are unresolved. We discuss five features fundamental to the biology of acipenseriforms that benefit from the availability of our new phylogenetic hypothesis: (1) specializations of jaws and operculum relevant to jaw protrusion, feeding, and ram ventilation; (2) anadromy or potamodromy and demersal spawning; (3) paedomorphosis and evolution of the group; (4) the biogeography of Asian and North American polyodontids and scaphirhynchines; and (5) the great abundance of electroreceptive organs in the rostral and opercular regions. Finally, we summarize our nomenclatural recommendations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References cited

  • Agassiz, L. 1844. Recherches sur les poisson fossiles. 2 (2, p. 280). Petitpierre Imprimiere, Neuchatel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aldinger, H. 1931. Über Reste von Birgeria (Pisces, Palaeoniscidae) aus der alpinen Trias. N. Jahrb. Geol. Paläont. Stuttgart 66: 167–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aldinger, H. 1937. Permische Ganoidfische aus Ostgronland. Medd. Grønland 102: 1–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allis, E.P. 1922. The cranial anatomy of Polypterus, with special reference to Polypterus bichir. J. Anat. 56: 189–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antoniu-Murgoci, A. 1936a. Particularités anatomiques caractérisant les especes des genres Huso et Acipenser des eauxroumaines. Compt. rend. Acad. Sci. Roum. 1: 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antoniu-Murgoci, A, 1936b. Particularités anatomiques qui différencient le genre Huso du genre Acipenser des eaux roumaines. Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy 23:94–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Applegate, S. 1970. The vertebrate fauna of the Selma formation of Alabama, part VIII. The fishes. FieldianaGeol. Mem. 3: 381–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Artyukhin, E.N. 1994. On the relationships of the Amur sturgeon. Acipenser schrencki. Sturgeon Quart. 2(3): 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Artyukhin, E.N. 1995a. On biogeography and relationships with-in the genus Acipenser. Sturgeon Quart. 3(2): 6–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Artyukhin, E.N. 1995b. An ecological approach to zoogeography of Acipenseridae. pp. 7–12. In: AD. Gershanovich & T.I.J. Smith (ed.) Proceedings of International Symposium on Sturgeons, 6–11 September 1993. VNIRO Publishing, Moscow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayres, W.E. 1854. Descriptions of new species of California fishes. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bai, Y. 1983. A new Peipiaosteus from Fengning of Hebei, China. Vert. Palas. 21:341–346 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, R.M. & F.B. Cross. 1954. River sturgeons of the American genus Scaphirhynchus: characters, distribution, and synonymy. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. 39: 169–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballard, W.W. 1986. Stages and rates of normal development in the holostean fish, Amia calva J.Exp. Zool. 238: 337–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballard, W.W. & R.G. Needham. 1964. Normal embryonic stages of Polyodon spathula (Walbaum). J. Morphol. 114: 465–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balon, E.K. 1967. Vývoj ichtyofauny Dunaja, jej súcčasný stav a pokus o prognózu d'alších zmien po výstavbe vodných diel (Evolution of the Danube ichtyofauna, its recent state and an tematics it is vital to includea control for Ontoge-attempt to predict further changes after the construction of the planned hydro-electric power stations and diversion schemes). Biologické práce 13: 1–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balon, E.K. 1968. Einfluβ des Fischfangs auf die Fischgemein-schaften der Donau. Arch. Hydrobiol. (Suppl. Donaufor-schung 3) 34: 228–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balon, E.K. 1975. Reproductive guilds of fishes: a proposal and definition. J. Fish. Res. Board. Can. 32: 821–864.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balon, E.K. 1985. Early life histories of fishes: new developmental, ecological and evolutionary perspectives, Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes 5, Dr W. Junk Publishers. Dordrecht. 280 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balon, E.K. 1990. Epigenesis of an epigeneticist: the development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes. Guelph Ichthyol. Rev. 1: 1–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balon, E.K. 1991. Probable evolution of the coelacanth’s reproductive style: lecithotrophy and orally feeding embryos in cichlid fishes and in Latimeria chalumnae. Env. Biol. Fish. 32: 249–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baruš, V. & O. Oliva (ed.) 1995. Mihulovci Petromyzontes a ryby Osteichhyes (Lampreys and fishes). Fauna ČR and SR volume 28/1, Academia, Praha. 623 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch, P. & S. Gemballa. 1992. On the anatomy and development of the vertebral columnand pterygiophores in Polypterus senegalus Cuvier 1829 (‘Pisces’, Polypteriformes). Zool. Jahrb. Anat. 22: 497–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bemis, W.E. 1984. Paedomorphosis and the evolution of the Dipnoi. Paleobiology 10:293–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bemis, W.E. 1987a. Feeding systems of living Dipnoi: anatomy and function. pp. 249–275. In: W.E. Bemis, W.W. Burggren & N.E. Kemp (ed.) The Biology and Evolution of Lungfishes, Alan R. Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bemis, W.E. 1987b. Functional mechanics of jaw-opening and jaw-closing in the paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. Amer. Zool. 27: 87A (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bemis, W.E. & E.K. Findeis. 1994. The sturgeons’ plight. Nature 370: 602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bemis, W.E. & L. Grande. 1992. Early development of the actinopterygian head. I. External development and staging of the paddlefish Polyodon spathula. J. Morphol. 213: 47–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bemis, W.E. & B. Kynard. 1997. Sturgeon rivers: an introduction to acipenseriform biogeography and life history. Env. Biol. Fish. (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bemis, W.E. & G.V. Lauder. 1986. Morphology function of the feeding apparatus of the lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa (Dipnoi). J. Morphol. 187: 81–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, L.S. 1904. Zur Systematic der Acipenseriden. Zool. Anz. 27: 665–667.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, L.S. 1911. Fishes (Marsipobranchii and Pisces). Fauna of Russia and adjacent countries. Vol. 3, Vypusk 1. Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk, St. Petersburg. 337 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, L.S. 1933. Freshwater fishes of the USSR and adjacent countries, 3rd ed. Part 2. Vsesoyuznyi Institute Ozernogo i Rechnogo Rybnogo Khozyaistva, Leningrad. 545–903 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, L.S. 1940. Classification of fishes both recent and fossil. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 5: 85–517 (in Russian). Thai National Documentation Center, Bangkok. pp.1–304 (English translation of Rusian original, 1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, L.S. 1948a. Freshwater fishes of the USSR and adjacent countries, 4th edition. Part 1. Akademia Nauk USSR, Moscow & Leningrad. 466 pp. (in Russian, English translation published by Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 505pp.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, L.S. 1948b. On the position of the Acipenseriformes in the system of fishes. Trudy Zool. Inst. 7: 7–57 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigelow, H.B. & W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. U.S.Fish. Bull. 53: 1–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binkowski, F.P. & S.I. Doroshov (ed.) 1985. North American sturgeons: biology and aquaculture potential. Developments in Env. Biol. Fish. 6, Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht. 163 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birstein, V.J. 1993. Sturgeons and paddlefishes: threatened fishes in need of conservation. Cons. Biol. 7: 773–787.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birstein, V.J. & WE. Bemis. 1997. Leo Semenovich Berg and the biology of Acipenseriformes: a dedication. Env. Biol. Fish. (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Birstein, V.J., R. Hanner & R. DeSalle. 1997. Phylogeny of the Acipenseriformes: cytogenetic and molecular approaches. Env. Biol. Fish. (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Birstein, V.J., A.I. Poletaev & B.F. Goncharov. 1993. The DNA content in Eurasian sturgeon species determined by flow cytometry. Cytometry 14: 377–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birstein, V.J. & V.P. Vasiliev. 1987. Tetraploid-octaploid relationships and karyological evolution in the order Acipenseriformes (Pisces). Karyotypes, nucleoli, and nucleolus organizer regions in four acipenserid species. Genetica 72: 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogdanov, M. 1874. A report on a newly discovered acipenserid fish at the meeting of Zoological Section. Trudy Sankt-Peter-burgskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody 5: 48 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonaparte, C.L. 1831. Saggio di una distribuzione metodico degli animali vertebrati. Giorn. Arc.Sci. Lett. Arti 49: 1–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonaparte, C.L. 1836. Iconografia della fauna italica per le quatro classi degli animali vertebrati. Tomo III Pesci. Roma. Fasc. 15–18:80–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonaparte, C.L. 1838. Selachorum tabula analytica. Nouv. Ann. Sci. Nat. 2: 195–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonaparte, C.L. 1846. Catalogo metodico dei pesci Europi. Napoli.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borodin, N. 1897. A report about thesummer 1895 zoological expedition on board of the cruiser ‘Uralets’ in the northern part of the Caspian Sea. Vestnik Rybopromyshlennosti 1: 1–31 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, J.F. 1869. Einige worte uber die europaich-asiatischen Störarten (Sturionides). Bull. Acad. Imper. Sci. St.-Petersb. 14: 171–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, J.F. & J.C.T. Ratzeberg. 1833. Medizinische Zoologie, oder getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der Thiere, die in der Arzneimittellehre in betracht kommen, in systematischer folge herausgegeben. Berlin. (2 vol. 1829–1833. 63 fig.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Breder, C.M.. Jr. & D. Rosen. 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. Natural History Press, Garden City. 941 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, J. & B. Kynard. 1985. Habitat use and behavior of prespawning shortnose sturgeon, Acipenserbrevirostrum, in the Connecticut River. pp. 111–117. In: E P. Binkowski & S. I. Doroshov (ed.) North American Sturgeons: Biology and Aquaculture Potential, Developments in Env. Biol. Fish. 6, Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burggren, W.W. 1978. Gill ventilation in the sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus unusual adaptations for bottom dwelling. Respir. Physiol. 34: 153–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burggren, W.W. & W.E. Bemis. 1992 Metabolism and ram gill ventilation in juvenile paddlefishes, Polyodon spathula (Chondrostei: Polyodontidae) Physiol. Zool. 65: 515–539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, D.M., W.L. Pflieger, L. Trial & P.S. Haverland. 1985. Distribution, biology, and hybridization of Scaphirhynchus albus and Scaphirhynchus platorynchus in the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. pp. 51–59. In: F.P. Binkowski & S.I. Doroshov (ed.) North American Sturgeons: Biologyand Aquaculture Potential, Developments in Env. Biol. Fish. 6. Dr W. Junk Pubfishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cope, E.D. 1883. A new chondrostean from the Eocene. Amer. Nat. 17: 1152–1153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danforth, C.H. 1913. The myology of Polyodon. J. Morphol. 24: 107–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, B. 1895. Fishes living and fossil. MacMillan, New York. 300 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dettlaff, T.A., A.S. Ginsburg & O.1. Schmalhausen. 1993. Sturgeon fishes: developmental biology and aquaculture. Springer Verlag, Berlin. 300 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillard, J.G., L.K. Graham & T.R. Russell. 1986. The paddlefish: status, management, and propagation. North Central Divsion, American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 7. 159 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dingerkus, G. & W.M. Howell. 1976. Karyotypic analysis and evidence oftetraploidy in the North American paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. Science 194: 842–844.

    Google Scholar 

  • Disler, N.N. 1949. Development of the skin sensory organs of the lateral line of Acipenser stellatus. Trudy Inst. Morph. Zhiv.im. A.N. Severtsova 1: 333–362 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dragomirov, N.I. 1953. Development of the sevryuga larvae during yolk nutrition. TrudyInst. Morph. Zhiv. im. A.N. Severtsova 10: 244–263 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dragomirov, N.I. 1957 Larval development of the Volga-Cas pian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstadtii Brandt. Trudy Inst. Morph. Zhiv. im. A.N. Severtsova 20:187–231 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumèril, A.H.A. 1867. Prodrome d'une monographie des esturgeons et descriptiondes espèces de I'Amérique du Nord qui appartiennent au sous-genre Antaceus. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 3: 131–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duméril, A.H.A. 1868. Note sur trois poissons: Acipenser dabyranus Polyodon gladius et Peristethidion prionocephalum accompagnée de quelques considérations générales sur les groupes auxquels ces espèces appartiennent. Nouv. Arch Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 93–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duméril, A.H.A. 1870. Histoire naturelle des poissons, ouichthyologie générale, Vol 2, Paris. 624 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egerton, P. de M.G. 1858. On Chondroteus, an extinct genus of the Sturionidae, found in the Lias Formation at Lyme Regis. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. 148: 871–835.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, W.S. 1990. The Aral: a Soviet sea lies dying. Nat. Geog. 177: 71–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Findeis, E.K. 1989. Morphological specializations ofthe branchial arches of sturgeons (Acipenseridae). Amer. Zool. 29:123A (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Findeis, E.K. 1991. Ontogeny and homology of the‘maxilla’ of sturgeons: evolution of mobile jaw elements in early actinopterygian fishes. Amer. Zool. 31:8A (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Findeis, E.K. 1993. Skeletal anatomy of the North American shovel nosesturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Riafinesque 1820) with comparisons to other Acipenseriformes. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. 444 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Findeis, E.K. 1997. Osteology and phylogenetic interrelationships of sturgeons (Acipenseridae). Env. Biol. Fish. (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink, W.L. 1982. The conceptual relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny Paleobiology 8: 254–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzinger, L.J. & J. Heckel. 1836. Monographische dorstellung der Gallung Acipenser. Zool. Abh. Ann. Wiener Mus. Naturgesch. 1: 262–326. (Note: order of authorship is reversed in some bibliographic citations).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontana, F. & G. Colombo. 1974. The chromosomes of Italian sturgeons. Experientia 30: 739–741.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, S.A. & R.E. Richardson. 1905. On a new shovelnose sturgeon from the Mississippi River. Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. 7:37–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galbreath, J.C. 1985. Status, life history., and management of Columbia River white sturgeon. Acipenser transmontanus. pp. 119–125. In: F.P. Binkowski & S.I. Doroshov (ed.) North American Sturgeons: Biology and Aquaculture Potential, Developments in Env. Biol. Fish. 6, Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gans, C. 1986. Scenarios: Why? pp. 1–10. In: R. E. Foreman, A. Gorbman, J.M. Dodd & R. Olsson (ed.) Evolutionaty Biology of Primitive Fishes, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardiner, B.G. 1967. Further notes on paleoniscids with a classification of the Chondrostei. Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., Geol. Ser. 8: 255–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardiner, B.G. I984a. The relationships of the paleoniscid fishes. a review based on new specimens of Mimia and Moythomasia from the upper Devonian of Western Australia. Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist Geol. Ser. 37: 173–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardiner, B.G. 1984b. Sturgeons as living fossils pp. 148–152. In: N. Eldredge & S.M. Stanley (ed.) living Fossils, Springer Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardiner, B.G. 1993. Basal actinopterygians. pp. 611–619. In: M. J. Benton (ed.) The Fossil Record 2, Chapman and Hall, London. s45 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardiner, B.G. & B. Schaeffer. 1989. Interrelationships of lower actinopterygian fishes. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 97: 135–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gengerke, T.W. 1986. Distribution and abundance of paddlefish in the United States. pp. 22–35. In: J.G. Dillard, L.K. Graham & T.R. Russell (ed.) The Paddlefish: Status. Management and Propagation, North Central Division, American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 7, Columbia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgi, J.G. 1775. Bemerkungen einer Reise im russischen Reich. Volume 1. Saint Petersburg. 352 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gershanovich, A.D. & T.T.J. Smith (ed.) 1995. Proceedings of International Symposium on Sturgeons, September 6–11, 1993, VNIRO Publishing, Moscow. 360 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsburg, A.S. & T.A. Dettlaff. 1991. The Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii. I. Gametes and early development up to time of hatching pp. 15–65, In: T.A. Dettlaff & S.G. Vassetzky (ed.) Animal Species for Developmental Studies, Volume 2, Vertebrates, PlenumPress, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goncharov, B.F., O.I. Shuhravy & V.K. Uteshev. 1991. Reproduction and early development of Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni Bogdanov under artifical environment conditions. Sotv. J. Dev. Biol. 22: 236–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodrich, E.S. 1909. Vertebrata craniata: cyclostomes and fishes. 518 pp. In: R. Lankester (ed.) A Treatise on Zoology, Part 9, Adam & Charles Black, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodrich, E.S. 1928. Polypterus a paleoniscid? Paleobiologica 1: 87–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, K. 1997. Contemporary status of the North American paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. Env. Biol Fish. (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grande, L. 1985. The use of paleontology in systematics and biogeography, and a time control refinement for historical biogeography. Paleobiology 11: 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grande, L. 1994. Repeating patterns innature. predictability, and ‘impact’ in science. pp. 61–84 In: L. Grande & O. Rieppel (ed.) Intepreting the Hierarchy of Nature Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grande, L. & W.E. Bemis. 1991. Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of fossil and recent paddlefishes (Polyodontidae) with comments on the interrelationships of Acipenseriformes. J. Vert. Paleo. 11,supplement 1: 1–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grande, L. & W.E. Bemis 1996 Interrelationships of Acipenseriformes with commentson ‘Chondrostei’. pp. 85–115. In: M.L.J. Stiassny, L.R. Pareniti & G.D. Johnson (ed.) Interrelationships of Fishes, Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grande, L. & W.E. Bemis. 1997. A comprehensive phylogenetic study of amid fishes (Anmiidae) based on comparative skeletal anatomy. J. Vert. Paleo. Supplement. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J.E. 1834. Characters of two new species ofsturgeons (Acipenser, Linn.). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1834: 122–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, P.H. 1987. The natural history of African lungfishes. pp. 163–179. In: W.E. Bemis, W.W Burggren & N.E. Kemp (ed.) The Biology-and Evolution of Lungfishes, AlanLiss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, W.K. 1933. Fish skulls: a study of the evolution of the natural mechanisin. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 23: 75–481

    Google Scholar 

  • Günther, A. 1873. Report on a collection of fishes from China. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)12: 239–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handyside, P.D. l875a. On the anatomy of a new species of Polyodon, the Polyodon gladius of Martens, taken from the river Yang-Tse-Kiang, 450 miles above Woosung. Part I. Its external characters and structure. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. 8: 50–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Handyside, P.D. 1875b. On the anatomy of a new species of Polyodon, the Polyodon gladius of Martens, taken from the river Yang-Tse-Kiang, 450 miles above Woosung. Part II. Its nervous and muscular systems. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. S: 136–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckel, J.J. 1836. Scaphirhynchus, eine neue fischgattung aus der ordnung der Chondropterygier mit freien kiemen. Ann. Wien.Mus. 1:68–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennig, E. 1925. Chondrosteus hindenburgi Pomp., ein’ stör’ des württemberg. Oelschiefers(Lias). Paleontographica Stuttgart 67: 115–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, K. & J. Holčík. 1997. Past and current status of sturgeons in the upperand middle Danube. Env. Biol. Fish. (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holčík, J. (ed.) 1989. The freshwater fishes of Europe, Volume 1. Part II, General introduction to fishes, Acipenseriformes. AULA-Verlag, Wiesbaden. 469 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holčík, J., R. Kinzelbach. L.l. Sokolov & V.P. Vasilev. 1989. Acipenser sturio Linnaeus, 1758. pp. 307–394. In: J. Holčík, (ed.) The Freshwater Fishes of Europe, Volume I, Part II, General Introduction to Fishes, Acipenseriformes, AULA-Verlag, Wiesbaden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmgren, N. 1933. On the origin of the tetrapod limb. Acta Zool. 14:186–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanzoff, N. 1887. Der Scaphirhynchus. Vergleichend-anatomische Beschreibung. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1887:1–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain, S.L., 1985 Variability of dermal bones and other parameters in the skull of Amia calva Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 84: 385–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvik, E. 1942. On the structure of the snout of crossopterygians and lower gnathostomes in general. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala 27: 235–675.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvik, E. 1980. Basic structure and evolution of vertebrates, Volume 1. Academic Press, New York. 575 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessen, H.L. 1972. Schultergürtel und Pectoralflosse bei Actinopterygiern. Fossils & Strata 1: 89–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessen, H.L. 1973. Interrelationships of actinopterygians and brachiopterygians: evidence from pectoral anatomy. pp. 227–232. In: P.H. Greenwood, R.S. Miles & C. Patterson (ed.) Interrelationships of Fishes, Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin, F. 1995. Late Mesozoic Acipenseriformes (Osteichthyes: Actinopterygii) in Central Asia and their biogeographic implications. pp. 15–21 In: A. Sun & Y. Wang (ed.) Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota, Short Papers, China Ocean Press, Beijing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin, F., Y.-P. Tian, Y.-S. Yang & S.Y. Deng. 1995. An early fossil sturgeon (Acipenseriformes, Peipiaosteidae) from Fenging of Hebei, China. Vert. Palasiatica 33:1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jollie, M. 1980. Development of the head and pectoral girdle skeleton and scales in Acipenser. Copeia 1980: 226–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgenson, J., Å. Flock & J. Wersäll. 1972. The Lorenzian ampullae of Polyodon spathula. Z. Zell forsch. Mikros. Anat. 130: 362–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalmijn, A J. 1974. The detection of electric fields from inanimate and animate sources other than electric organs. pp. 147–200. In: A. Fessard (ed.) Handbookof Sensor) Physiology: Electroreceptors and Other Specialiazed Receptors in Lower Vertebrates, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, A. 1987. The biology of tlie Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (Kretft 1870). pp. 181–198. In: W.E. Bemis. W.W. Burggren & N.E. Kemp (ed.) The Biology and Evolution of Lungfishes, Alan Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, J.G. 1919. Text-book of embryology, Volume 2, Vertebrata with the exception of Mammalia, MacMillan, London. 591 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, K.F. 1872. On a remarkable fish of the family of sturgeons discovered by M.A.P. Fedchenko in the Syr-Darya River lzvestiya ObshchestvaLyubitelei Estestvoznaniya. Antropologii, i Etnografii 10: 70–76 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, K.F. 1873. On a remarkable fish of the family of sturgeons discovered by M.A.P. Fedchenko in the River Suir-dar. Ann. Mag. Nat Hist. 4 Ser. 12: 269–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, K F. 1877. The Aralo-Caspian expedition. IV. Fishes of the Aralo-Caspian-Pontine region. St-Petersburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khodorevskaya, R.P., G.F. Dovgopol, O.L. Zhuravleva & A.D. Vlasenko. 1997. Present status of commercial stock of sturgeons in the Caspian Sea basin. Env. Biol. Fish. (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krykhtin, M.L. & V.G. Svirskii. 1997. Endemic sturgeons of the Amur River: kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrencki. Env. Biol. Fish. (thisvolume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacepède, B.G.E. 1797. Sur la Polyodon Fueille (Spatularia folium). 1. BulletinderSciences delaSociétéPhilomatiquede Paris 2: 49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambe, L.M.1902. New genera and species from the Belly River series (Mid-Cretaceous). Contrib. Can. Paleo. 3: 25–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauder, G.V.1980. Evolution of the feeding mechanism in primitive actinopterygian fishes: a functional anatomical analysis of Polypterus, Lepisosteus and Amia J. Morphol. 13:283–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauder, G.V. & K. Liem.1983. The evolulion and interrelationships of the actinopterygian fishes. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 150:95–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Sueur, C.A. 1818. Description of several species chondrop-terygious fishes of North America, with their varieties. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1:383–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leidy, J. 1873. Notice of fossil vertebrates from the Miocene of Virginia. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Phila. 1873:15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum charactcribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editiodecima, reformata. Hohmiae. 824 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, C., T.A. Ceorgi, X. Diao & J. Liu. 1995. Biology of the Chinese paddlefish, Psephurus gladius (Martens). pp. 13–22. In: A.D. Gershanovich & T.I.J. Smith (ed.) Proceedings of International Symposiumon Sturgeons, 6–11 September 1993, VNlRO Publishing, Moscow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, C.-H. & Y.-J. Zeng. 1988. Notes on the Chinese paddlefish, Psephurus gladius (Martens). Copeia 1988:483–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H.T. & J.J. Zhou. 1965. A new sturgeon from the upper Jurassic of Liaoning, north China. Vert. Palasiatica 9:237–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, J.A. 1995. The rise of fishes. Johns Hopkins, Baltimore 223 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovetzky, A. 1831. Sur les espèces du genre esturgeon, appartenant aux eaux de l'empire Russe Bull. Sei. Nat. 23: 131–134 (French translation of Lovetzky 1828)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, L. 1994. A new paddlefish from the Upper Jurassic of north-east China. Vert. Palasiatica 32:134–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luther, A. 1913. Muskulaturder Ganoidenund Dipneusten. Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicae 41:1–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacAlpin, A.1941a. Paleosephurus wilsoni, a new polyodontid fish from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana, with a discussion of allied fish, living and fossil. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 52:1989 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • MacAlpin, A. 1941b. Paleopsephurus wilsoni, a new polyodontid fish from the Upper Gretaccous of Montana, with a discussion of allied fish, living and fossil. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacAlpin, A. 1947. Paleopsephurus wisoni, a new pol yodontid fish from the upper Cretaceous of Montana, with a discussion of allied fishes, living and fossil. Contrib. Mus. Paleo. Univ. Mich. 6:167–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maisey, J. 1986. Heads and tails: a chordate phylogeny. Cladistics 2:201–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marinelli, W. & A. Strenger. 1973. Vergleichende Anatoime und Morphologieder Wirbeltiere, pmIV Lieferung. Franz Deuticke, Wien.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martens, E.1862. über einien neuen Polyodon (P. gladius) aus dem Yangtsekiang und über die sogenannten Glaspolypen. Monatsberichte Deutsch. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin 1861: 476–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCallister, D.E. 1968. Evolution of branchiostegals and classification of teleostome fishes. Nat. Mus. Can. Bull. 221:1–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchill, S.L., 1815. The fishes of New York described and arranged. Trans. Lit. Phil. Soc. New York I: 355–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, J. 1846. On the structure and characters ofthe Ganoidei. and on the natural classification of fish. Scient. Mem. 4:499–542 (English translationof Müller 1844).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nachtrieb, H.F. 1912. The lateral line system of Polyodon. Proc. 7th Int. Zool. Congr. 1912:215–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, G.J. 1969. Gill arches and the phylogeny of fishes, with notes on the classification of vertebrates. Bull. Amer Mus. Nat. Hist. 141: 475–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, G.J. & N. Platnick. 1981. Systematics and biogeography, Cladistics and vicariance. Columbia University Press, New York. 567 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • New, J.G. & D. Bodznick. 1985 Segregation of electroreceptive and mechanoreceptive lateral line afferents in the hindbrain of chondrostean fishes. Brain Res. 336:89–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, J.T. 1928 Chinese fresh-water fishes in the American Museum of Natural History’s collections. A provisional check-list of the fresh-water fishes of China. Bull. Amer. Mus Nat. Hist. 58:1–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, J.T. 1943. The fresh-water fishes of China. American Museum of Natural History, New York, Natural History of Central Asia 9:1–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, E. 1949. Studies on Triassic fishes from East Greenland. 2. Australosomus and Birgeria Meddr. Grønland. 146:1–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikolskaya, M.P. 1983 Development of the ampullar electrore-ceptor system in the ontogeny of Polyodon and Acipenseridae. Doklady Akademii Nauk USSR 268: 19–22 (English translation of Russian original).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikolskii, A.M. 1900. Pseudoscaphirhynchus rossikowi, n. gen. et spec. Ann. Mus. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg 4:257–260 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Normark, B.B., A.R. McCune & R.G. Harrison. 1991. Phylogenetic relationships of neopterygian fishes, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 8:819–834.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, H.W. 1925 Observations upon the peripheral distribution of the cranial nerves of certain ganoid fishes (Amia, Lepidosteus, Polydon, Scaphirhynchus, and Acipenser). J. Comp. Neurol. 39:345–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Northcutt, R.G. 1978. Brain organitation in the cartilaginous fishes. pp. 117–193. In: E.S. Hodgson & R.F. Mathewson (ed.) Sensory Biology of Sharks, Skates, and Rays, Office of Naval Research, Arlington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Northcutt, R.G. 1986. Electroreception in nonteleost bonyfishes pp. 257–285. In: T.H. Bullock & W. Heiligenberg (ed.) Electroreception, Wiley-Interscience, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Northcutt, R.G. & W.E. Bemis. 1993. Cranial nerves of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae (Osteichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Actinistia) with comparisons to other craniates. Brain, Behav. Evol. 42, suppl. 1:1–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallas, P.S. 1771. Zoographia Rossa-Asiatica, sistens ominium animalium in extenso imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores etdescriptiones anatomen atque icones plurimorem, III. Petropoli.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, W.K. 1882. On the structure and development of the skull in sturgeons (Acipenser ruthenus and A. sturio). Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. 173:139–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. 1975. The braincase of pholidophorid and leptolepid fishes, with a review of the actinopterygian braincase. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. 269:275–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. 1981. The development of the North American fish fauna—a problem of historical biogeography. pp. 265–281. In: P.L. Forey (ed.) Chance, Change and Challenge, The Evolving Biosphere, British Museum (Natural History), London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. 1982. Morphology and interelationships of prinitive actinopterygian fishes. Amer. Zool. 22:241–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. & D.E. Rosen. 1977. A review of the ichthyodectiform and other Mesozoic teleost fishes, and the theory and practice of classifying fossils. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 158: 81–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, D.M. & T.S. Westoll. 1970. The Devonian actinopterygian Cheirolepis Agassiz Trans Roy. Soc. Edinb. 70:337–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, S.R. & F. Allendorf. 1983. Genetic identity ofpallid and shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus and S. platorynchus). Copeia 1983:696–700.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirogovskii, M.I., L.I. Sokolov & V.P. Vasilev. 1989 Huso huso (Linneaus, 1758). pp. 156–200. In: J. Holčík (ed.) The Fresh-water Fishes of Europe, Volume1, Part II, General Introduction to Fishes, Acipenseriformes, AULA-Verlag, Wiesbaden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pompeckj, J.F. 1914. Fische: Paläiontologia. pp. 1107–1147. In: Handwörtebuch der Natur, III, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Rafinesque, C.S. 1817. Additions to the observations on the sturgeons of North America. Amer. Monthly) Mag. Crit. Rev. 1:288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rafinesque, C.S. 1820. Ichthyologia Ohiensis, or natural history of the fishes inhabiting the river Ohio and its tributary streams. preceded by a physical description of the Ohio and its branches. Lexington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raschi, W.A. 1986. Morphological analysis of the ampullae of Lorenzini in selectcd skates (Pisces, Rajoidei). J. Morphol 189: 225–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regan, C.T. 1904. The phylogeny of the Teleostomi. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7 ser. 13:329–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reis, O.M. 1910. Die Binnenfauna der Fischschieferin Transbaikalien. Recherch. Géol. MinièrSibéric. 29:1–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, J. 1836. The fish, Volume 3, fauna Boreali-Americana; or the zoology ofthe northern parts of British America: containing descriptions of the objects of natural historycollected on the late northern land expeditions, under the command of Sir John Franklin, R.N. Richard Bentley, London. 327 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieppel, O. 1992. A new species of the genus Saurichthys (Pisces: Actinipterygii) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland), with comments on thephylogenetic interrelationships of the genus. Palacontographica Abt. A. 221:63–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rochard, E., P. Williot., C. Castlenaud & M. Lepage. 1991. Elements de systematique et de biologie des populations sauvage d'esturgeons. pp. 475–507. In: P. Williot (ed.) Acipenser, CEMAGREF Publ., Bordeaux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, D.E., P.L. Forey, B.G. Gardiner & C. Patterson. 1981. Lungfishes, tetrapods, paleontology, and plesiomorphy. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 169:159–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, R.A. & D.C. Hales. 1981. Feeding of the paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. Copeia 1981:441–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruban, G.I. 1997. Species structure, contemporary distribution and status of the Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii Env. Biol. Fish. (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, T.R. 1986. Biology and life history of the paddlefish — a review. pp. 2–20. In: J.G. Dillard. L.K. Graham & T.R. Russell (ed.) The Paddlefish: Status, Management and Propagation, North Central Division, American FisheriesSociety, Special Publication 7, Columbia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryder, J.A. 1888. The sturgeons and sturgeon industries of the eastern coast of the United States, with an account of experiments bearing upon sturgeon culture. Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 8: 231–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, B. 1973. Interrelationships of chondrosteans. pp. 207–226. In: P.H. Greenwood, R.S. Miles & C. Patterson (ed.) Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaeffer, B. & D.E. Rosen. 1961. Major adaptive levels in the evolution of the actinopterygian feeding mechanism. Amer. Zool. 1:187–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmalhausen, O.I. 1991. Prelarval development of Pseudoscaphirynchus kaufmanni Sov. J. Dev. Biol. 22:296–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultze, H.-P. 1987. Dipnoans as sarcopterygians. pp. 39–74. In: W.E. Bemis. W.W. Burggren & N.E. Kemp (ed) The Biology and Evolution of Lungfishes, Alan Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewertzoff, A.N. 1925. The place of the cartilaginous ganoids in the system and the evolution of the Osteichthyes. J. Morphol. 38:105–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewertzoff, A.N. 1926a Studies on the bony skull of fishes. I. Structure and development of the bony skullof Acipenser ruthenus. Q. J. Micros. Sci. 70:451–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewertzoff, A.N. 1926b. The development of the scales of Acipenser ruthenus. J. Morphol. 42:523–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewertzoff, A.N. 1928 The head skeleton and muscles of Acipenser ruthenus Acta Zool. 9:193–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soin, S.G. 1951. Materials on the development of sturgeons of the Amur River. Tr. Amurskoy Ichtiol. Eksped. 1945–1949, Izd. Moskovs. Ohshtchesta Ispytat. Prirody, Moskva, volume 2: 223–232 (inRussian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stensiö. E.A. 1925. Triassic fishes fromSpitzbergen. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handligar. 3 series 2:1–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svetovidov, A.N. 1984 Acipenseridae. In: P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen & E. Tortonese (ed.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Vol. 1, UNESCO, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, C.C., C.R. Gilbert, S.A. Bortone, G.H. Burgress & R.W. Yerger. 1986. Zoogeography of the freshwater fishes of the southeastern United States: Savannah River to Lake Ponchartrain. pp. 213–265. In: C.H. Hocutt & E.O. Wiley (ed.) The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, S. 1908. Notes on some Japanese fishes with descriptions of fourteen new species. J. Coll. Sci., Imper. Univ. Tokyo. 23:1–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatarko, K. 1936. Der Kiemendeckeckelapparat und seine Verbindung mit dem Hyoid-und Kieferbogen bei den Acipenseridae. Trav. Inst. Zool. Biol. 3:5–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatarkuo, K. 1939. The mandibular and hyoid arches and gill cover in Polypterini, Lepidosteoidei, and Amiodei. Pap. Anim. Morph. Kiev. 5:17–71 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, D.H. 1934. Relative growth in Polyodon. Nat. Hist. Surv. Ill. Biol. Notes 2: 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tleuov, R.T. & N.I. Sagitov. 1973. Acipenserids of the Amu-Darya River. FAN Publ., Tashkent. 155 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Traquair, R.H. 1877. The ganoid fishes of the British Carboniferous formations, Part1, Paleoniscidae. Monogr. Paleont. Soc. 31:1–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traquair, R.H. 1887. Notes on Chondrosteus acipenseroides. Geol. Mag. 4:248–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trautman, M.B. 1981. The fishes of Ohio. Ohio State University Press, Columbus. 782 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsessarsky, A.A. 1992. Evolution of the jaw apparatus of sturgeons and the origin of paddlefishes. Doklady Akad. Nauk 323:957–960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasetskiy, S.G. 1971. Fishes of the family Polyodontidae. J. Ichthyol. 11:18–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vladykov, V. & J.R. Greeley. 1963. Order Acipenseroidei. pp. 24–60. In: H.B. Bigelow & W.C. Schroeder (ed.) Fishes of the Western North Atlantic, Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University, New Haven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wake, D.B. & A. Larson. 1987. Multidimensional analysis of an evolving lineage. Science 238:42–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walbaum, J. 1792. Petri Artedi renovati, pars i et ii (et iii-v) i.e., Bibliotheca et philosophia ichthyologica, cura Iohannis Iulii Walbaumii edidit. 5 parts in 3 volumes. Grypeswaldiae, (1788) 1789 (-1793) 4 pl. Part 3 is subtitled ‘Petri Artedi Sueci Genera piscium in quibis systema totum ichthyologia proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum differentiis, observationibus plurimis. Redactis speciebus 242 ad genera 52. Ichthyologiae, pars iii. Emendata et aucta a Iohanne Iulio Walbaum.’ 723 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D.M.S. 1925. The structure of certain paleoniscids and the relationships of that group with other bony fishes. Proc. Zool. SoC. Lond. 1925:815–870.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D.M.S. 1928. On some points in the structure of paleoniscid and allied fish. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1928:49–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei, Q., F Ke. J. Zhang, P. Zhuang, J. Luo, R. Zhou & W Yang. 1997. Biology, fisheries, and conservation of sturgeons and paddlefish in China. Env. Biol. Fish. (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiley, E.O. 1976. The phylogeny and biogeography of fossil and recent gars (Actinopterygii: Lepisosteidae). Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Pub. 64: 1–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilimovsky, N.J. 1956. Protoscaphirhynchus squamosus, a new sturgeon from the upper Cretaceous of Montana. J. Paleo. 30: 1205–1208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.D. & G.H. Clemmer. 1991. Scaphirhynchus sutkussi, a new sturgeon (Pisces: Acipenseridae) from the Mobile Basin of Alabama and Mississippi. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. 10:17–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williot, P. (ed.) 1991. Acipenser. CEMAGREF Publ., Bordeaux. 519pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, A.S. 1891. On the paleontology of sturgeons. Proc. Geol. Assoc. 11:24–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, AS. 1895a. The fossil fishes of the upper Lias of Whitby, Part 1. Proc. Yorkshire Geol. Polytech. Soc. 24–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, A.S. 1895b. The fossil fishes of the upper Lias of Whitby, Part 2. Proc. Yorkshire Geol. Polytech. Soc. 155–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, A.S. 1895c. Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the British Museum (Natural History), Part III British Museum (National History), London. 544 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, A.S. 1909. The fossil fishes of the English chalk, Part 5. Monogr. Palaeontogr. Soc. 43:153–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wourms, J.P., J.W. Atz & M.D. Stribling. 1991. Viviparity and the maternal-embryonic relationship in the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae. pp. 225–248. In: J.A. Musick, M.N. Bruton & E.K. Balon (ed.) The Biology of Latimeria chalumnae and Evolution of Coelacanths, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakovlev, V.N. 1977. Phylogenesis of Acipenseriforms. pp. 116–143. In: V.V. Menner (ed.) Essays on Phylogeny and Systematics of Fossil Fishes and Agnathans, USSR Akademy of Sciences Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakovlev, V.N. 1986. Fishes. pp. 178–179.In: A.P. Rasnitsyn (ed.) Insects in the Early Cretaceous Ecosystems of the West Mongolia, Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeager, B. & R. Wallus. 1982. Development of larval Polyodon spathula (Walbaum) from the Cumberland River in Tennessee. pp. 73–77. In: Fifth Annual Larval Fish Conference, Louisiana Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, Z., Z. Deng, Y. Zhao & X. Huang. 1986. Observations on the goandal development of Psephurus gladius (Martens) in the Changjiang River below the Gezhouba Dam Acta Hydrobiol. Sinica 10:295–296 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zholdasova, I. 1997. Sturgeons and the Aral Sea ecological catastrophe. Env. Biol. Fish. (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Z. 1992. Review on Peipiaosteus based on new material of P. pani. Vert. Palas. 30:85–101 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA

    William E. Bemis & Eric K. Findeis

  2. Department of Geology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA

    Lance Grande

Authors
  1. William E. Bemis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Eric K. Findeis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lance Grande
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Vadim J. Birstein John R. Waldman William E. Bemis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bemis, W.E., Findeis, E.K., Grande, L. (1997). An overview of Acipenseriformes. In: Birstein, V.J., Waldman, J.R., Bemis, W.E. (eds) Sturgeon Biodiversity and Conservation. Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol 17. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46854-9_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46854-9_4

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-4517-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-46854-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation