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Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests

  • Chapter
The Subtropical Vegetation of Southwestern China

Part of the book series: Plant and Vegetation ((PAVE,volume 11))

Abstract

In SW China, the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests are represented by four types, (1) the semi-humid forest dominated only by species of Cyclobalanopsis, Castanopsis and Lithocarpus (Fagaceae), (2) the monsoon forest by species of Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Cyclobalanopsis (Fagaceae), Machilus, Beilschmiedia, Cryptocarya (Lauraceae), and Schima (Theaceae), (3) the mid-montane moist forest by species of Lithocarpus, Castanopsis, Cyclobalanopsis (Fagaceae), Machilus, Cinnamomum (Lauraceae), Schima (Theaceae), Manglietia, Alcimandra and Michelia (Magnoliaceae) in Yunnan, and (4) the typical humid evergreen broad-leaved forest by Castanopsis, Cyclobalanopsis, Lithocarpus and species of Lauraceae (e.g. Machilus, Cinnamomum, Lindera and Phoebe), Magnoliaceae (Manglietia, Michelia), Theaceae (Schima and Gordonia), and Elaeocarpaceae (Elaeocarpus) in the Sichuan Basin and eastern and central Guizhou. The vertical structures of the forests are multilayered (with emergent, canopy, subcanopy, shrub, and understory layers). The canopy height of the primary forest generally ranges from 23 to 34 m, with umbrella-shaped or rounded crowns. Among the forest types, the monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, in mesic-humid sites, exhibits the highest species diversity, followed by the mid-montane moist and humid types, then by the semi-humid type.

The leaf-size patterns of evergreen broad-leaved trees along the altitudinal gradient are exemplified on Mt. Emei, Sichuan. The evergreen broad-leaved forest at low altitude is mostly composed of notophyllous evergreen trees of tropical origin. The leaf size decreases toward the upper altitudinal zones. It also varies with forest stratifications. Canopy trees are mostly notophyllous species, while subcanopy and understory trees are mainly microphyllous species.

The regeneration of the primary forests largely depends on the creation of canopy gaps or forest edges. Four types of gap regeneration behaviors in the major evergreen broad-leaved species in Yunnan are generalized as classified by Yamamoto (Botanical Magazine Tokyo 105:29–45, 1992). Type 1: canopy trees regenerate from saplings existing before gap formation (climax species); Type 2: canopy trees of pioneer species regenerate in gaps from saplings recruited after gap formation; Type 3: subcanopy tree and shrub species regenerate in gaps from saplings recruited before gap formation, but rarely reach the canopy layer; Type 4: trees cannot regenerate in gaps formed under the existing gap disturbance regime.

Because of the history of land uses in SW China, the landscapes exhibit dynamic habitats consisting of mosaics of diverse stands at varying successional stages. In general, during the secondary succession, species of coniferous Pinus, Keteleeria, and deciduous Alnus, Populus, Carpinus and Platycarya act as typical light-demanding pioneers. In the early successional plant community, one or several of the pioneer species may dominate. As succession progresses, some intermediate light-demanding shrubs of Lyonia, Rhododendron, Myrica and Lindera, and some shade-tolerant species, mainly of Fagaceae, Lauraceae, and Magnoliaceae, mix with the pioneer species. Gradually, as the forest canopy develops more closure, the short-lived light-demanding pioneer species are usually replaced by late successional shade-tolerant evergreen broad-leaved species such as those of Castanopsis, Cyclobalanopsis, Lithocarpus, Machilus, Manglietia, and Michelia, although some long-lived pioneer species, such as Schima argentea, Schima wallichii and Schima sinensis are often found in mature forests. The secondary forests at mid-successional stage tend to have the highest diversity; however, differences between the middle and late stages are not significant. As succession proceeds, the species diversity comes to resemble that of the natural mature forests. The secondary forests, as spatially and temporally dynamic patches of vegetation showing different degrees of disturbance along the successional gradient, exemplify the progress of species diversity toward the original natural patterns in the region. In this connection, the role of soil seed banks along the successional gradient, as exemplified in the Ailao Mountains, is also pertinent.

The subtropical areas of SW China are facing serious loss of plant diversity due to habitat fragmentation and degradation. A clear understanding of the ecological features of the EBLFs can lead to more effective conservation and management of these fragile forests and the mountain ecosystems.

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  1. Institute of Ecology and Geobotany Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

    Cindy Q. Tang

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Tang, C.Q. (2015). Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests. In: The Subtropical Vegetation of Southwestern China. Plant and Vegetation, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9741-2_2

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