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Gas-Phase Near-Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) Spectroscopy of Nanoparticles, Biopolymers, and Ionic Species

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X-ray and Neutron Techniques for Nanomaterials Characterization

Abstract

Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy probes directly or indirectly the photoabsorption cross section of a system under study as a function of the photon energy around the core–shell ionization thresholds. When the photon energy matches the difference between the core level and an unoccupied valence level, the photoabsorption cross section increases. The core levels are associated with particular atoms within the system under the study; therefore, NEXAFS spectroscopy appears to be a very sensitive probe of physicochemical and structural properties of molecules and materials. It has been intensively applied to investigate gaseous, liquid, and solid species. In this chapter, we describe methods to perform gas-phase NEXAFS spectroscopy of large systems, such as nanoparticles, clusters, and biopolymers, as well as of ionic species. We also review recent research findings.

The development of third-generation synchrotron radiation (SR) sources, providing extremely bright and energy-resolved X-ray beams, established NEXAFS spectroscopy as a powerful and widely used technique to investigate electronic and structural properties of both organic and inorganic samples of increasing complexity. Particularly, gas-phase NEXAFS studies allow for an investigation of well-defined targets prepared under desired conditions.

Unfortunately, gas-phase NEXAFS spectroscopy of large species such as biopolymers (e.g., proteins and DNA) and nanoparticles, as well as ionic species, is experimentally very challenging due to great difficulties in both bringing large molecules or particles intact into the gas phase and providing high-enough target density, photon flux, and interaction time needed to distinguish K-shell excitation processes. Only recently, the development of new experimental techniques has allowed performing gas-phase NEXAFS of nanoparticles, biopolymers, and ionic species.

Herein, we present the basic principles of NEXAFS spectroscopy and describe the state-of-the-art experimental approaches that allow for NEXAFS spectroscopy of large biopolymers and nanoparticles isolated in the gas phase. Finally, we present some key research finding spanning from relatively small biomolecules to large biopolymers and nanoparticles.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, Serbia

    Aleksandar R. Milosavljević

  2. Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, B.P. 48, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France

    Alexandre Giuliani & Christophe Nicolas

  3. UAR1008, CEPIA, INRA, Rue de la Géraudière, Nantes, 44316, France

    Alexandre Giuliani

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  1. Aleksandar R. Milosavljević
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  2. Alexandre Giuliani
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  3. Christophe Nicolas
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Correspondence to Aleksandar R. Milosavljević .

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  1. Integrated Mesoscale Architectures for Sustainable Catalysis (IMASC), Rowland Institute of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

    Challa S.S.R. Kumar

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Milosavljević, A.R., Giuliani, A., Nicolas, C. (2016). Gas-Phase Near-Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) Spectroscopy of Nanoparticles, Biopolymers, and Ionic Species. In: Kumar, C. (eds) X-ray and Neutron Techniques for Nanomaterials Characterization. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48606-1_8

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