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Notfall- und Massivtransfusion

  • Chapter
Transfusionsmedizin und Immunhämatologie

Zusammenfassung

Unter Notfalltransfusion ist die aus vitaler Indikation akut durchgeführte Bluttransfusion zu verstehen. Diese Situation ist gegeben, wenn

  • ein akuter Blutverlust eine Gefährdung des Patienten herbeigeführt hat, sodass die sofortige Transfusion von Blut und Blutkomponenten notwendig ist oder

  • akut ein evtl. lebensrettender Eingriff notwendig wird, bei dem ein großer Blutverlust zu erwarten ist.

Die Notfalltransfusion erfordert die schnelle Bereitstellung von kompatiblen Blutpräparaten und/oder schnelle Vorbereitung perioperativer autologer Hämotherapieverfahren. Häufig, aber nicht zwangsläufig, impliziert die Notfalltransfusion eine Massivtransfusion.Die Massivtransfusion wird meist so definiert, dass innerhalb von 24 h mindestens ein Äquivalent des normalen Blutvolumens des betroffenen Patienten durch Blut und Blutkomponenten ersetzt wird [100]. Das entspricht beim Erwachsenen etwa der Menge von ≥10 Erythrozytenkonzentraten (EK). Die meisten Studien über die Massivtransfusion basieren auf dieser Voraussetzung. Die Fortschritte der Intensivmedizin und die Qualitätsverbesserung der verwendeten Blutpräparate lassen diese Definition heute jedoch nicht mehr sinnvoll erscheinen. Die später zu besprechenden spezifischen Risiken der Massivtransfusion werden nur bei schnellerer Transfusion (1 Blutvolumen in 3–4 h [16]) und/oder größerem Transfusionsvolumen (2 Blutvolumina/24 h [68]) klinisch relevant.Diese Definitionen sind jedoch nur retrospektiv verwertbar. Daher wurde empfohlen, von der Entwicklung einer Massivtransfusion auszugehen, wenn bezogen auf einen Erwachsenen mit normalem Körpergewicht mindestens 4 Erythrozytenkonzentrate innerhalb 1 h transfundiert werden und ein weiterer Blutbedarf zu erwarten ist [20]. Bei der Qualität der heute verwendeten leukozytendepletierten EKs in additiver Lösung sollte auch für diese »Arbeitsdefinition« einer Massivtransfusion eine größere Anzahl von Präparaten (≥5–6 Erythrozytenkonzentrate pro Stunde) für die Massivtransfusion zugrunde gelegt werden. Die Notwendigkeit von Massivtransfusionen kann andererseits auch anhand von »Trauma Score« bzw. klinischen Daten wie z. B. Puls, systolischem Blutdruck, pH oder Hämatokrit vorausgesagt werden [57]. Da bei der Notfalltransfusion v. a. die kurzfristige Versorgung der Patienten mit Blutpräparaten und Blutersatzstoffen oberste Priorität besitzt, wird sich der folgende Abschnitt vordringlich diesem Aspekt widmen.

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  1. Ehemaliger Direktor des Instituts für Transfusionsmedizin und Hämostaseologie der, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Am Weitenmoor 9, 18198, Kritzmow

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  2. Medizinisches Labor Rostock, Südring 81, 18059, Rostock

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Kretschmer, V., Weippert-Kretschmer, M. (2010). Notfall- und Massivtransfusion. In: Kiefel, V., Mueller-Eckhardt, C. (eds) Transfusionsmedizin und Immunhämatologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12765-6_30

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