Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nutritional Aspects of Milk Proteins

  • Chapter
Advanced Dairy Chemistry—1 Proteins

Abstract

The composition of milk obtained from various species shows great variations (Table 12.1). One of the major characteristics of the nutritional situation during the neonatal period in mammals is the fact that the offspring has to rely upon milk as their single source of nutrients. Thus, it is logical to assume, on a teleological basis, that the composition of the milk of different species represents the optimum composition of nutrients required during the neonatal period of that species. Consequently, it has rightly or wrongly been assumed that the composition of the milk of any mammalian species is the best indicator of the nutrient requirements of the offspring during the neonatal period.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

REFERENCES

  • Abrahamsson, L., Bengtsson, O., Hambræus, L. and Holm, H. (1977) Protein quality of milk-cereal based foods for infants and children in relation to processing methods and composition of the products. J. Food Technol., 14, 429–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, K.J. and von der Lippe, G. (1979) The effect of proteolytic enzymes on the vitamin B12-binding proteins of human gastric juice and saliva. Scand. J. Gastroent., 14, 833–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, S.A., Anderson, G.H. and Bryan, M.H. (1980) Human milk: comparison of the nitrogen composition in milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 33, 811–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, S.A., Anderson, G.H. and Bryan, M.H. (1981) Energy and macro-nutrient content of human milk during early lactation for mothers giving birth prematurely and at term. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 34, 258–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnetson, R.StC., Merrett, T.G. and Ferguson, A. (1981) Studies on hyperimmu-noglobulinaemia E in atopic diseases with particular reference to food allergens. Clin. Exper. Immunol., 46, 54–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Battermann, W. (1986) Whey protein for athletes. Deutsch. Milchwirtsch., 37, 1010–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barth, C.A. and Schlimme, E. (1989) Milk Proteins-Nutritional, Clinical, Functional and Technological Aspects, Springer Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, K. and McKenzie, H.A. (1964) β-Lactoglobulins. Nature, 204, 1275–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bezkorovainy, A., Grohlich, D. and Nichols, J.H. (1979) Isolation of a glycopolypeptide fraction with Lactobacillus bifidus subspecies pennsylvanicus growthpromoting activity from whole human milk casein. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 32, 1428–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Björnhag, G., Knutsson, P.-G. and Sperber, I. (1979) Postnatal growth and milk composition. Swedish J. Agric. Res., 9, 65–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanc, B. (1981) Biochemical aspects of human milk-comparison with bovine milk, World Rev. Nutr. Diet., 36, 1–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohak, Z. (1964) N-Epsilon-(DL-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine, a new amino acid formed on alkaline treatment of proteins. J. Biol. Chem., 239, 2878.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boza, J.J., Jimenez, J., Martinez, O., Suarez, M.D. and Gil, A. (1994) Nutritional value and antigenicity of two milk protein hydrolysates in rats and guinea pigs. J. Nutr., 124, 1978–86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brantl, V. and Teschemacher, H. (1982) Opiartig wirkende Stoffe in Milch und Milchprodukten. 2. Isolierung, Strukturaufklärung und biologische Wirkung der β-casomorphine. Milchwissenschaft, 37, 641–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brock, J.R., Arzabe, F., Lampreave, F. and Pineiro, A. (1976) The effect of trypsin on bovine transferrin and lactoferrin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 446, 214–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bullen, J.J., Rogers, J.J. and Leigh, L. (1972) Iron-binding proteins in milk and resistance to Escherichia coli infection in infants. Brit. Med. J., 1(792), 69–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clegg, K.M., Lim, C.L. and Manson, W. (1974) The structure of a bitter peptide derived from casein by digestion with papain. J. Dairy Res., 41, 283–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, A.J., Ho, C.Y. and Swenerton, H. (1983) Homogenized bovine milk xanthine oxidase: a critique of the hypothesis relating to plasmalogen depletion and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 38, 327–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conti, A., Liberatori, J. and Napolitano, L. (1980) Isolation and preliminary physico-chemical characterization of human β-lactoglobulin. Milchwissenschaft, 35, 65–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, T.M., Mazurier, J., Spik, G., Montreuil, J. and Peters, T.J. (1979) Iron binding proteins and influx of iron across the duodenal brush border. Evidence for specific lactoferrin receptors in the human intestine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 588, 120–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, L. and Lönnerdal, B. (1987) Persistence of human milk proteins in the breast-fed infant. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 76, 733–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, L. and Lönnerdal, B. (1988) Specific binding of lactoferrin to brush border membrane: ontogeny and effect of glycan chain. Am. J. Physiol., 254, G580–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Pasquale, M.G. (1997) Amino Acids and Proteins for the Athlete. The Anabolic Edge, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, S. and Lönnerdal, B. (1989) Non-protein nitrogen and true protein in infant formulas. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 78, 497–504.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, S., Lönnerdal, B. and Atkinson, S.A. (1990) Bioavailability of urea nitrogen for the low birthweight infant. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 79, 899–905.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dragan, G.I., Vasiliu, A. and Georgescu, E. (1985) Effects of refit on elite weightlifters. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 25, 246–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Khoury, A.E., Forslund, A., Olsson, R., Branth, S., Sjödin, A., Andersson, A., Atkinson, A., Selvaraj, A., Hambraeus, L. and Young, V.R. (1997) Moderate exercise at energy balance does not affect 24-h leucine oxidation or nitrogen retention in healthy men. Am. J. Phvsiol., 273 (Endocrinol. Metab. 36), E394–407.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, C. (ed.) (1981) Maillard Reactions in Food: Chemical, Physiological and Technological Aspects, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (1957) Protein Requirements. FAO Nutritional Studies, No. 16. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (1970) Amino Acid Content of Foods. FAO Nutritional Studies, No. 24. FAO, Rome. FAOSTAT Database 1999. Internet: http://www.fao.org.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO (1965) Protein Requirements. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 301. WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO (1973) Protein and Energv Requirements. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 522. WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO (1991) Protein Quality Evaluation. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation FAO Nutrition paper 51, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation (1985) Energy and Protein Requirements. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 724. World Health Organization, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, H.M., Jr. and Thompson, M.P. (1971) Biological significance of milk protein polymorphism. J. Dairy Sci., 54, 1219–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, A. and Watret, K.C. (1988) Cows’ milk intolerance. Nutr. Rep. Rev., 1, 1–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fomon, S. (1974) Infant Nutrition, 2nd edn, WB Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J.E., Salter, D.N. and Scott, K.J. (1969) The folate-binding protein in milk. J. Dairy Res., 36, 435–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forslund, A., Hambraeus, L., Olsson, R., El-Khoury, A.E., Yu, Y.-M. and Young, V.R. (1998) The 24-h whole body leucine and urea kinetics at normal and high protein intake with exercise in healthy adults. Am. J. Phvsiol., 275 (Endocrinol. Metab. 38), E310–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forslund, A., El-Khoury, A.E., Olsson, R., Sjödin, A., Hambraeus, L. and Young, V.R. (1999) Effect of protein intake and physical activity on 24-h pattern and rate of macro-nutrient utilization. Am. J. Phvsiol., 276 (Endocrinol. Metabol. 39), E964–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forsum, E. (1973) Nutritional evaluation of whey protein concentrates and their fractions. J. Dairy Sci., 57, 665–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsum, E. and Hambraeus, L. (1974) Utilization of whey proteins in human nutrition, in Joint IUPAC/IUFoST Symposium-The Contribution of Chemistry to Food Supplies, (I. Morton and D.N. Rhodes eds.) Butterworths, London, pp. 375–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsum, E., Hambræus, L. and Siddiqi, I.H. (1973) Fortification of wheat by whey protein concentrate, dried skim milk, fish protein concentrate and lysine monohydrochloride. Nutr. Rep. Int., 8, 39–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fransson, G.B. and Lönnerdal, B. (1980) Iron in human milk. J. Pediatr., 96, 380–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freudenstein, C., Keenan, T.W., Eigel, W.N., Sasaki, M., Stadler, J. and Franke, W.W. (1979) Preparation and characterization of the inner coat material associated with fat globule membranes from bovine and human milk. Exp. Cell Res., 118, 227–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galesloot, T.E. and Tinbergen, B.J., eds. (1985) Milk Proteins ′84. Proc. Intern. Congr. Milk Proteins, Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen.

    Google Scholar 

  • György, P., Norris, R.F. and Rose, C.S. (1953) Bifidus factor. I. A variant of Lactobacillus bifidus requiring a special growth factor. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 48, 193–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hambræus, L. (1984) Human milk composition. Nutr. Abstr. Rev., 54, 219–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hambraeus, L., Forsum, E. and Lönnerdal, B. (1977) Nutritional aspects of breast milk versus cows’ milk formula. In Food and Immunology, Symposia of the Swedish Nutrition Foundation XIII, (L. Hambræus, L.Å. Hanson and H. McFarlane eds.) Almqvist and Wiksell, Uppsala, pp. 116–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hambraeus, L., Hardell, L.I., Forsum, E. and Lorentsson, R. (1974) Use of a formula based on a whey protein concentrate in the feeding of an infant with hyperphenylalaninemia. Nutr. Metabol., 17, 84–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hambraeus, L., Lönnerdal, B., Forsum, E. and Gebre-Medhin, M. (1978) Nitrogen and protein components of human milk. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 67, 561–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hambraeus, L., Fransson, G.-B. and Lönnerdal, B. (1984) Nutritional availability of breast milk protein. Lancet ii, 167–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanning, R.M., Paes, B. and Atkinson, S.A. (1992) Protein metabolism and growth of term infants in response to a reduced-protein, 40:60 whey:casein formula with added tryptophan. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 56, 1004–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiraoka, Y., Segawa, T., Kuwajima, K., Sugai, S. and Murai, N. (1980) α-Lactalbumin: a calcium metalloprotein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 95, 1098–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • International Dairy Federation (IDF) (1988) Code of practice for preservation of raw milk by the lactoperoxide system, Bulletin 234, International Dairy Federation, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Dairy Federation (IDF) (1998) Nutrition properties of milk proteins. F-Doc 286, International Dairy Federation, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakobsson, I. and Lindberg, T. (1978) Cows’ milk as a cause of infantile colic in breast-fed infants. Lancet, ii, 437–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenness, R. and Sloan, R.E. (1970) The composition of milks of various species: a review. Dairy Sci. Abstr., 32, 599–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koldovsky, O. (1989) Search for role of milk-borne biologically active peptides for the suckling. J. Nutr., 119, 1543–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kon, S.K. and Cowie, A.T. (1961) Milk-The Mammary Gland and Its Secretion, Vols. 1 and 2. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuitunen, P., Visakorpi, J.K., Savilahti, E. and Pelkonen, P. (1975) Malabsorption syndrome with cows’ milk intolerance. Clinical findings and course in 54 cases. Arch. Dis. Childhood, 50, 351–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunz, C. and Lönnerdal, B. (1989) Human milk proteins: separation of whey proteins and their analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) gel filtration, and anion-exchange chromatography. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 49, 464–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemon, P.W.R. (1985) Metabolic aspects of proteins for top sportsmen. In Milk Proteins ′84, Proc. Int. Congr. Milk Proteins, (T.E. Galesloot and B.J. Tinbergen eds.) Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, pp. 88–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemon, P.W.R. and Nagle, F.J. (1981) Effects of exercise on protein and amino acid metabolism. Med. Sci. Sports Exer., 13, 141–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindblad, B.S. and Rahimtoola, R.J. (1974) A pilot study of the quality of human milk in a lower socio-economic group in Karachi, Pakistan. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 63, 125–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lönnerdal, B. (1985) Biochemistry and physiological function of human milk proteins. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr., 42, 1299–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lönnerdal, B. and Adkins, Y. (1999) Developmental changes in breast milk protein composition during lactation. In: Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract, (I.R. Sanderson and B.C. Walker eds.) Decker Inc., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, pp. 227–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lönnerdal, B. and Chen, C.L. (1990a) Effects of formula protein level and ratio on infant growth, plasma amino acids and serum trace elements. I. Cows’ milk formula. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 79, 257–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lönnerdal, B. and Chen, C.L. (1990b) Effects of formula protein level and ratio on infant growth, plasma amino acids and serum trace elements. II. Follow-up formula. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 79, 266–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lönnerdal, B. and Forsum, E. (1985) Casein content of human milk. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 41, 113–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lönnerdal, B. and Glazier, C. (1985) Calcium binding by α-lactalbumin in human milk. J. Nutr., 115, 1209–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lönnerdal, B., Forsum, E. and Hambræus, L. (1976a) The protein content of human milk. I. A transversal study of Swedish normal material. Nutr. Rep. Int., 13, 125–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lönnerdal, B., Forsum, E. and Hambræus, L. (1976b) A longitudinal study of the protein, nitrogen and lactose contents of human milk from Swedish well-nourished mothers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 29, 1127–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lothe, L. and Lindberg, T. (1989) Cows’ milk whey protein elicits symptoms of infantile colic in colicky formula-fed infants: A double-blind cross-over study. Pediatrics, 83, 262–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lothe, L., Lindberg T. and Jakobsson, I. (1982) Cows’ milk formula as a cause of infantile colic: a double blind study. Pediatrics, 70, 7–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macy, J.G., Nims, B., Brown, M. and Hunscher, H.A. (1931) Human milk studies. VII. Chemical analysis of milk representative of the entire first and last halves of the nursing period. Am. J. Dis. Child., 42, 569–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazurier, J., Montreuil, J. and Spik. G. (1985) Visualization of lactoferrin brush-border receptors by ligand-blotting. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 821, 453–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, H.A. (1970. 1971) Milk Proteins, Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Vol. 1 and 2, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellander, O. and Folsch. G. (1971) Enzyme resistance and metal binding of phosphorylated peptides. In Protein and Amino Acid Functions, (E.J. Bigwood ed.) Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 569–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millward, D.J., Davies, C.T.M., Halliday, D., Wolman, S.L., Matthews, D. and Rennie, M. (1982) Effect of exercise on protein metabolism in humans as explored with stable isotopes. Fed. Proc., 41, 2686–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millward, D.I. (1997) Human amino acid requirements. J. Nutr., 124, 1842–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, H.H. and Block, R.J. (1946) Some relationships between the amino acid contents of proteins and their nutritive values for the rat. J. Biol. Chem., 163, 599–630.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nahaisi, M.H. (1986) Lactobacillus acidophilus: therapeutic properties, products and enumeration. Develop. Food Microbiol., 2, 153–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oftedal, O. (1980) Milk composition and formula selection for hand-rearing young mammals. In The Nutrition of Captive Wild Animals, (E.R. Maschgan M.E. Allen and L.E. Fischer eds.) First Annual Dr Scholl Nutrition Conference, pp. 67–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oster, K.A. (1971) Plasmalogen diseases: a new concept of the etiology of the atherosclerotic process. Am. J. Clin. Res., 2, 30–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oster, K.A. and Ross, D.J. (1982) Flawed objectives to the bovine milk xanthine oxidase theory. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 1, 420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeuffer, M. and Barth, C.A. (1988) Influences of casomorphines on plasma lipid levels and lipid secretion rates. In Milk Proteins, Nutritional, Clinical, Functional and Technological Aspects, (CA. Barth and E. Schlimme eds.) Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 291–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pineda, O., Torun, B., Viteri, F.E. and Arroyave, G. (1981) Protein quality in relation to estimates of essential amino acid requirements. In Protein Quality in Humans, (C.E. Bodwell, J.S. Adkins and D.T. Hopkins eds.) AVI publishing Co. Inc., Westport, Connecticut, pp. 29–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Räihä, N.C.R., Minoli, I. and Moro, G. (1986a) Milk protein intake in the term infant: I. Metabolic responses and effects on growth. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 75, 881–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Räihä, N.C.R., Minoli, I., Moro, G. and Bremer, H. (1986b) Milk protein intake in the term infant: II. Effects on plasma amino acid concentrations. Acta Pediatr. Scand., 75, 887–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, B. (1978) Review of the Progress of Dairy Science: antimicrobial systems in milk. J. Dairy Res., 45, 131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renner, E. (1983) Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition, Verlag, Munich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudioff, S. and Lönnerdal, B. (1992) Solubility and digestibility of milk proteins in infant formulas exposed to different heat treatment. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 15, 25–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saarinen, U.M., Siimes, M.A. and Dallman, P.R. (1977) Iron absorption in infants. High bioavailability of breast milk iron as indicated by extrinsic tag method of iron absorption and by the concentration of serum ferritin. J. Pediatr., 91, 36–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, F.M., Breslow, J.L., Wood, P.O. and Kass, E.H. (1983) Lack of an effect of dairy protein (casein) and soy protein on plasma cholesterol of strict vegetarians. An experiment and a critical review. J. Lipid Res., 24, 1012–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salter, D.N. and Mowlem, A. (1983) Neonatal role of milk folate-binding proteins. Studies on the course of digestions of goat’s milk folate binder in the 6-d child. Brit. J. Nutr., 50, 589–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg, D.P., Begley, J.A. and Hall, C.A. (1981) The content, binding and forms of vitamin B12 in milk. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 34, 1717–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, D.G., Maijer, R.J., Slangen, C.J. and van Beresteijn, E.C. (1995) Raising the pH of the pepsin-catalysed hydrolysis of bovine whey proteins increases the antigenicity of the hydrolysates. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 25, 1007–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, L.A., O’Connell, N.C., Hatch, T.F., Picciano, M.F. and Birch, L.L. (1992) Tryptophan intake influences infants sleep latency. J. Nutr., 122, 1781–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturman, J.A., Gaull, G.E. and Räihä, N.C.R. (1970) Absence of cystathionase in human fetal liver: Is cystine essential? Science, 169, 74–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terpstra, A.H.H., Hermus, R.J.J. and West, C.E. (1983) The role of dietary protein in cholesterol metabolism. World Rev. Nutr. Diet., 42, 1–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torun, B., Pineda, O., Viteri, F.E. and Arroyave, G. (1981) Use of amino acid composition data to predict protein nutritive value for children with special reference to new estimates of their essential amino acid requirements. In Protein Quality in Humans, (C.E. Bodwell, J.S. Adkins and D.T. Hopkins eds.) AVI Publishing Co. Inc., Westport, Connecticut, pp. 374–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaarala, O., Paronen, J., Otonkoski, T. and Akerblom, H.K. (1998) Cow milk feeding induces antibodies in children — a link between cow milk and insulindependent diabetes mellitus? Scand. J. Immunol., 15, 131–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaarala, O., Knip, M., Paronen, J., Hämälainen, A.M., Muona, P., Väätäinen, M., Honen, J., Simell, O. and Akerblom, H.K. (1999) Cows’ milk formula feeding induces primary immunization to insulin in infants at genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes, 48, 1389–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenplas, Y., Häuser, B., Van der Borre, C. and Clybouw, C. (1995) The longterm effect of a partial whey hydrolysate formula on the prophylaxis of atopic disease. Eur. J. Pediatr., 154, 488–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vickery, H.B. (1950) The origin of the word protein. Yale J. Biol. Med. May 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Virtanen, S.M., Hyppönen, E., Läärä, E., Vähäsalo, P., Kulmala, P., Savola, K., Räsänen, L., Aro, A., Knip, M. and Åkerblom, H.K. (1996) Diabetes and cows’ milk. Lancet, 15, 1656–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, C.E. and Beynen, A.C. (1985) Milk proteins in contrast to plant proteins: effects on plasma cholesterol. In Milk Proteins ′84. Proc. Int. Congr. Milk Protein, (T.E. Galeshot and B.J. Tinbergen eds.) Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, pp. 80–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitney, R.McL., Brunner, J.R., Ebner, K.E., Farrell, H.M., Jr., Josephson, R.V., Morr, C.V. and Swaisgood, H.E. (1976) Nomenclature of the proteins of cows’ milk: Fourth revision. J. Dairy Sci., 59, 795–815.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widdowson, E.M. (1984) Lactation and feeding patterns of different species. In Health Hazards of Milk, (D.L.J. Freed ed.) Bailliére Tindall Eastbourne, England, pp. 85–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Woelderen, B.F. (1987) Changing insight into milk proteins: some implications. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. (Ser. A)., 57, 129–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodhouse, L.R. and Lönnerdal, B. (1988) Quantitation of the major whey proteins in human milk, and the development of a technique to isolate minor whey proteins. Nutr. Res., 8, 853–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (1981) International Code of Marketing Breast-milk Substitute, World Health Organization, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi, K., Azuma, N., Kobayashi, H. and Kaminogawa, S. (1984) Isolation and properties of human κ-casein. Agric. Biol. Chem., 48, 771–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, V.R. and Torun, B. (1981) Physical activity: impact on protein and amino acid metabolism and implications for nutritional requirements. In Nutrition in Health and Disease and International Development, (A.E. Harper and G.K. Davis eds.) A.R. Liss Inc., New York, pp. 57–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, V.R., Bier, D.M. and Pellett, P.L. (1989) A theoretical basis for increasing current estimates of the amino acid requirements in adult man, with experimental support. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 50, 80–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, V.R. and El-Khoury, A.E. (1996) Human amino acid requirements: a re-evaluation. Food Nutr. Bull., 17, 191–203.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. L. Hambræus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. Lönnerdal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition, University College, Cork, Ireland

    P. F. Fox  & P. L. H. McSweeney  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hambræus, L., Lönnerdal, B. (2003). Nutritional Aspects of Milk Proteins. In: Fox, P.F., McSweeney, P.L.H. (eds) Advanced Dairy Chemistry—1 Proteins. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8602-3_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8602-3_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-47271-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-8602-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation