Skip to main content

Abstract

With an alarmingly low teledensity in South Africa, just 12%, and not much hope of further wired infrastructure at the local loop level, as the costs incurred are high compared to potential revenue, wireless connectivity could be a great asset and service in South Africa. However, the use of unlicensed spectrum in building wireless networks can be comparable to “The Tragedy of the Commons”, the result of selfish behaviour towards common and limited resources. This paper evaluates the use of 802.11 wireless technologies in building a broadband wireless network and the effects of high amounts of interference on such a network. The paper concludes that for urban areas 802.11 technologies using unlicensed spectrum is not advisable, unless used in point-to-point links, while its use in rapid rural development (where there is less interference) is very promising.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. A. Gillwald, “Under-serviced Area Licences in South Africa: Steps to achieving viable operators,” Feb. 2002, last Accessed Apr. 2006. [Online]. Available: http://link.wits.ac.za/papers/usal.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  2. Genesis Analytics, “Telecommunications prices in South Africa: An international peer group comparison,” Occasional Paper No 1/2005, Apr. 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  3. W. Drew, “Wireless networks: new meaning to ubiquitous computing,” The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 2003, last Accessed Apr. 2006. [Online]. Available: http://people.morrisville.edu/∼ drewwe/wireless/jal-wireless.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  4. D. Essex. (1999, Oct.) Wow! Wireless Works! Last Accessed Apr. 2006. [Online]. Available: http://www.healthcareinformatics.com/issues/1999/10_99/cover.htm

    Google Scholar 

  5. LAN/MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society, “Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications,” IEEE-SA Standards Board - The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., Tech. Rep., 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  6. F. Bellotti, A. D. Gloria, D. Grosso, and L. Noli, “WLESS-frame: a simulation-based development environment for 802.11 stations,” Computer Networks, vol. 36, pp. 625-641, 2001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. N. Baghaei and R. Hunt, “Review of quality of service performance in wireless LANs and 3G multimedia application services,” Computer Communications, vol. 27, pp. 1684-1692, 2004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. LAN/MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society, “Supplement to IEEE Standard for Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications: Higher-Speed Physical Layer Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band,” IEEE-SA Standards Board - The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., Tech. Rep., 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  9. “IEEE Standard for Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Specific requirements. Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications Amendment 4: Further Higher Data Rate Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band,” IEEE-SA Standards Board - The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., Tech. Rep., 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  10. C. Aichele, R. Flickenger, C. Fonda, J. Forster, I. Howard, T. Krag, and M. Zennaro, Wireless Networking in the Developing World: A practical guide to planning and building low-cost telecommunications infrastructure. Limehouse Book Sprint Team, 2006, last Accessed Apr. 2006. [Online]. Available: http://wndw.net/index.html

    Google Scholar 

  11. A. Gumaste and T. Antony, First Mile Access Networks and Enabling Technologies. 800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA: Cisco Press, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  12. G. Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science, vol. 162, no. 3859, pp. 1243-1248, Dec. 1963, last Accessed Apr. 2006. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/sotp/pdfs/162-3859-1243.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2006) Tragedy of the commons. online encyclopedia. Last Accessed Apr. 2006. [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons

    Google Scholar 

  14. B. Whittington, G. Halse, and A. Terzoli, “Secure, extensible and heterogenic wireless networks: A model for community orientated wireless Internet in South Africa,” Computer Science Honours thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  15. I. Brandt, A. Terzoli, and C. Hodgkinson-Williams, “Wireless Communication for Previously Disadvantaged Secondary Schools in Grahamstown, South Africa,” in SATNAC 2005, Convergence - Can technology deliver?, Sept. 2005. [Online]. Available: http://ings.rucus.net/Brandt.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  16. Motorola. (2004) Canopy Wireless Broadband Platform. Last accessed Jun. 2004. [Online]. Available: http://motorola.canopywireless.com/

    Google Scholar 

  17. M. Haardt and Q. Spencer, “Smart antennas for wireless communications beyond the third generation,” Computer Communications, vol. 26, pp. 41-45, 2003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. J. T. Bernhard, G. H. Huff, S. Zhang, and G. Cung, “Reconfigurable Portable Antenna Systems For High-Speed Wireless Communication,” 2003, last Accessed Apr. 2006. [Online]. Available: http://hcac.hawaii.edu/tcwct03/papers/s07p05.pdf

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer

About this paper

Cite this paper

Brandt, I., Terzoli, A., Hodgkinson-Williams, C. (2007). Wi-Fi as a Last Mile Access Technology and The Tragedy of the Commons. In: Sobh, T., Elleithy, K., Mahmood, A., Karim, M. (eds) Innovative Algorithms and Techniques in Automation, Industrial Electronics and Telecommunications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6266-7_33

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6266-7_33

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-6265-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-6266-7

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics