Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography

  • Chapter
Optical Coherence Tomography

Part of the book series: Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering ((BIOMEDICAL))

The eye is essentially transparent, transmitting light with only minimal optical attenuation and scattering, providing easy optical access to the anterior segment as well as the retina. For this reason, ophthalmic and especially retinal imaging has been not only the first, but also most successful clinical application for optical coherence tomography (OCT). This chapter focuses on the development of OCT technology for retinal imaging. OCT has significantly improved the potential for early diagnosis, understanding of retinal disease pathogenesis as well as monitoring disease progression and response to therapy. Development of ultrabroad bandwidth light sources and high speed detection techniques have enabled significant improvements in ophthalmic OCT imaging performance, demonstrating the potential of three-dimensional, ultrahigh resolution OCT (3D UHR OCT) to perform noninvasive optical biopsy of the living human retina, i.e., the in vivo visualization of microstructural, intraretinal morphology in situ approaching the resolution of conventional histopathology. Significant improvements in axial resolution and speed not only enable three-dimensional rendering of retinal volumes, but also high definition, 2D tomograms, topographic thickness maps of all major intraretinal layers as well as volumetric quantification of pathologic intraretinal changes. These advances in OCT technology have also been successfully applied in several animal models of retinal pathologies. The development of light sources emitting at alternative wavelengths, e.g., around ∼l,050 nm, not only enabled three-dimensional OCT imaging with enhanced choroidal visualization, but also improved OCT performance in cataract patients because of reduced scattering losses in this wavelength region. Adaptive optics using deformable mirror technology, with unique high stroke to correct higher order ocular aberrations, with specially designed optics to compensate chromatic aberration of the human eye, in combination with 3D UHR OCT, recently enabled in vivo cellular resolution retinal imaging.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. T. Olsen, Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 67, 141 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  2. J.C. Bamber, M. Trstam, in The Physics of Medical Imaging, ed. by S. Webb (Adam Hilger, Bristol and Philadelphia, 1988), p. 319

    Google Scholar 

  3. J.C. Pavlin, J.A. McWhae, H.D. McGowan, F.S. Foster, Ophthalmology 99, 1220 (1992)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. D.Z. Reinstein, R.H. Silverman, M.J. Rondeau, D.J. Coleman, Ophthamology 101(1), 140 (1994)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. R.H. Webb, G.W. Hughes, F.C. Delori, Appl. Opt. 26, 1492 (1987)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. R.H. Webb, Appl. Opt. 19, 2991 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  7. J.F. Bille, A.W. Dreher, G. Zinser, in Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology, ed. by B.R. Masters (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1990), p. 528

    Google Scholar 

  8. A.F. Fercher, E. Roth, Proc. SPIE 658, 48 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  9. J.G. Fujimoto, S. De Silvestri, E.P. Ippen, C.A. Puliafito, R. Marglois, A. Oseroff, Opt. Lett. 11, 150 (1986)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. A.F. Fercher, K. Mengedoht, W. Werner, Opt. Lett. 13, 186 (1988)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. D. Huang, E.A. Swanson, C.P. Lin, J.S. Schuman, W.G. Stinson, W. Chang, M.R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C.A. Puliafito, J.G. Fujimoto, Science 254(5035), 1178 (1991)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. E.A. Swanson, J.A. Izatt, M.R. Hee, D. Huang, C.P. Lin, J.S. Schuman, C.A. Puliafito, J.G. Fujimoto, Opt. Lett. 18(21), 1864 (1993)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. A.F. Fercher, C.K. Hitzenberger, W. Drexler, G. Kamp, H. Sattmann, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 116(1), 113 (1993)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. J.G. Fujimoto, M.E. Brezinski, G.J. Tearney, S.A. Boppart, B. Bouma, M.R. Hee, J.F. Southern, E.A. Swanson, Nat. Med. 1(9), 970 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. A.F. Fercher, J. Biomed. Opt. 1, 157 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  16. J.G. Fujimoto, Nat. Biotechnol. 21(11), 1361 (2003)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. M.R. Hee, J.A. Izatt, E.A. Swanson, D. Huang, J.S. Schuman, C.P. Lin, C.A. Puliafito, J.G. Fujimoto, Arch. Ophthalmol. 113(3), 325 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. C.A. Puliafito, M.R. Hee, J.S. Schuman, J.G. Fujimoto, Optical Coherence Tomography of Ocular Disease (Slack Inc., Thorofare, NJ, 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  19. M.R. Hee, C.A. Puliafito, C. Wong, J.S. Duker, E. Reichel, J.S. Schuman, E.A. Swanson, J.G. Fujimoto, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36(4), S207 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  20. M.R. Hee, C.A. Puliafito, C. Wong, J.S. Duker, E. Reichel, B. Rutledge, J.S. Schuman, E.A. Swanson, J.G. Fujimoto, Arch. Ophthalmol. 113(8), 1019 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. M.R. Hee, C.A. Puliafito, C. Wong, E. Reichel, J.S. Duker, J.S. Schuman, E.A. Swanson, J.G. Fujimoto, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 120(1), 65 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. J.S. Schuman, M.R. Hee, C.A. Puliafito, C. Wong, T. Pedutkloizman, C.P. Lin, E. Hertzmark, J.A. Izatt, E.A. Swanson, J.G. Fujimoto, Arch. Ophthalmol. 113(5), 586 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. J.S. Schuman, T. PedutKloizman, E. Hertzmark, M.R. Hee, J.R. Wilkins, J.G. Coker, C.A. Puliafito, J.G. Fujimoto, E.A. Swanson, Ophthalmology 103(11), 1889 (1996)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. M.R. Hee, C.A. Puliafito, J.S. Duker, E. Reichel, J.G. Coker, J.R. Wilkins, J.S. Schuman, E.A. Swanson, J.G. Fujimoto, Ophthalmology 105(2), 360 (1998)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. R. Brancato, Documenta Ophthalmologica 97(3–4), 337 (1999)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. A. Gaudric, B. Haouchine, P. Massin, M. Paques, P. Blain, A. Erginay, Arch. Ophthalmol. 117(6), 744 (1999)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. M.E. Pons, R. Gurses-Ozden, H. Ishikawa, H.L. Dou, J.M. Liebmann, R. Ritch, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40(4), S839 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  28. D.S. Chauhan, R.J. Antcliff, P.A. Rai, T.H. Williamson, J. Marshall, Arch. Ophthalmol. 118(1), 32 (2000)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. P. Massin, C. Allouch, B. Haouchine, F. Metge, M. Paques, L. Tangui, A. Erginay, A. Gaudric, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 130(6), 732 (2000)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. C. Bowd, L.M. Zangwill, C.C. Berry, E.Z. Blumenthal, C. Vasile, C. Sanchez-Galeana, C.F. Bosworth, P.A. Sample, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42(9), 1993 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. C. Sanchez-Galeana, C. Bowd, E.Z. Blumenthal, P.A. Gokhale, L.M. Zangwill, R.N. Weinreb, Ophthalmology 108(10), 1812 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. H. Sanchez-Tocino, A. Alvarez-Vidal, M.J. Maldonado, J. Moreno-Montanes, A. Garcia-Layana, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43(5), 1588 (2002)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. R.F. Spaide, Retina-J. Retin. Vitreous Dis. 22(2), 183 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  34. S. Muscat, S. Parks, E. Kemp, D. Keating, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43(2), 490 (2002)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. R.F. Spaide, D. Wong, Y. Fisher, M. Goldbaum, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 133(2), 226 (2002)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. C. Bowd, L.M. Zangwill, E.Z. Blumenthal, C. Vasile, A.G. Boehm, P.A. Gokhale, K. Mohammadi, P. Amini, T.M. Sankary, R.N. Weinreb, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. 19(1), 197 (2002)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. J.S. Schuman, C.A. Puliafito, J.G. Fujimoto, Optical Coherence Tomography of Ocular Disease (Slack Inc., Thorofare, NJ, 2004)

    Google Scholar 

  38. W. Drexler, U. Morgner, F.X. Kartner, C. Pitris, S.A. Boppart, X.D. Li, E.P. Ippen, J.G. Fujimoto, Opt. Lett. 24(17), 1221 (1999)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. W. Drexler, U. Morgner, R.K. Ghanta, F.X. Kartner, J.S. Schuman, J.G. Fujimoto, Nat. Med. 7(4), 502 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. W. Drexler, H. Sattmarin, B. Hermann, T.H. Ko, M. Stur, A. Unterhuber, C. Scholda, O. Findl, M. Wirtitsch, J.G. Fujimoto, A.F. Fercher, Arch. Ophthalmol. 121(5), 695 (2003)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. W. Drexler, J. Biomed. Opt. 9(1), 47 (2004)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. T.H. Ko, J.G. Fujimoto, J.S. Duker, L.A. Paunescu, W. Drexler, C.R. Baumal, C.A. Puliafito, E. Reichel, A.H. Rogers, J.S. Schuman, Ophthalmology 111(11), 2033 (2004)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. E. Ergun, B. Hermann, M. Wirtitsch, A. Unterhuber, T.H. Ko, H. Sattmann, C. Scholda, J.G. Fujimoto, M. Stur, W. Drexler, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46(1), 310 (2005)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. G. Wollstein, L.A. Paunescu, T.H. Ko, J.G. Fujimoto, A. Kowalevicz, I. Hartl, S. Beaton, H. Ishikawa, C. Mattox, O. Singh, J. Duker, W. Drexler, J.S. Schuman, Ophthalmology 112(2), 229 (2005)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. T.H. Ko, J.G. Fujimoto, J.S. Schuman, L.A. Paunescu, A.M. Kowalevicz, I. Hartl, W. Drexler, G. Wollstein, H. Ishikawa, J.S. Duker, Ophthalmology 112(11), 1922 (2005)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. M.G. Wirtitsch, E. Ergun, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber,M. Stur, C. Scholda, H. Sattmann, T.H. Ko, J.G. Fujimoto, W. Drexler, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 140(6), 976 (2005)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. L.A. Paunescu, T.H. Ko, J.S. Duker, A. Chan, W. Drexler, J.S. Schuman, J.G. Fujimoto, Ophthalmology 113(1), 48 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. T.H. Ko, A.J. Witkin, J.G. Fujimoto, A. Chan, A.H. Rogers, C.R. Baumal, J.S. Schuman, W. Drexler, E. Reichel, J.S. Duker, Arch. Ophthalmol. 124(6), 827 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. C. Scholda, M. Wirtitsch, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, E. Ergun, H. Sattmann, T.H. Ko, J.G. Fujimoto, A.F. Fercher, M. Stur, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, W. Drexler, Retina 26(9), 1034 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. A.J. Witkin, T.H. Ko, J.G. Fujimoto, A. Chan, W. Drexler, J.S. Schuman, E. Reichel, J.S. Duker, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 142(6), 945 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. M. Gloesmann, B. Hermann, C. Schubert, H. Sattmann, P.K. Ahnelt, W. Drexler, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44(4), 1696 (2003)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. E.M. Anger, A. Unterhuber, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, C. Schubert, J.E. Morgan, A. Cowey, P.K. Ahnelt, W. Drexler, Exp. Eye Res. 78(6), 1117 (2004)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. P.K. Ahnelt,W. Drexler, Exp. Eye Res. 80(3), 449 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. R.S. Ramrattan, T.L. van der Schaft, C.M. Mooy, W.C. de Bruijn, P.G. Mulder, P.T. de Jong, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35(6), 2857 (1994)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. A. Okubo, R.H. Rosa, Jr., C.V. Bunce, R.A. Alexander, J.T. Fan, A.C. Bird, P.J. Luthert, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40(2), 443 (1999)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. A. Unterhuber, B. Povazay, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, W. Drexler, V. Yakovlev, G. Tempea, C. Schubert, E.M. Anger, P.K. Ahnelt, M. Stur, J.E. Morgan, A. Cowey, G. Jung, T. Le, A. Stingl, Opt. Lett. 28(11), 905 (2003)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. A.M. Rollins, M.D. Kulkarni, S. Yazdanfar, R. Ung-arunyawee, J.A. Izatt, Opt. Express 3(6), 219 (1998)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. A.G. Podoleanu, G.M. Dobre, D.A. Jackson, Opt. Lett. 23(3), 147 (1998)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. A.G. Podoleanu, M. Seeger, G.M. Dobre, D.J. Webb, D.A. Jackson, F. Fitzke, J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 12 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  60. A.G. Podoleanu, J.A. Rogers, D.A. Jackson, Opt. Express 7(9), 292 (2000)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. C.K. Hitzenberger, P. Trost, P.W. Lo, Q.Y. Zhou, Opt. Express 11(21), 2753 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. A.G. Podoleanu, G.M. Dobre, R.G. Cucu, R. Rosen, P. Garcia, J. Nieto, D. Will, R. Gentile, T. Muldoon, J. Walsh, L.A. Yannuzzi, Y. Fisher, D. Orlock, R. Weitz, J.A. Rogers, S. Dunne, A. Boxer, J. Biomed. Opt. 9(1), 86 (2004)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. G.M. Dobre, A.G. Podoleanu, R.B. Rosen, Opt. Lett. 30(1), 58 (2005)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. R.G. Cucu, A.G. Podoleanu, J.A. Rogers, J. Pedro, R.B. Rosen, Opt. Lett. 31(11), 1684 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. A.F. Fercher, C.K. Hitzenberger, G. Kamp, S.Y. El-Zaiat, Opt. Commn. 117, 43 (1995)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. B. Golubovic, B.E. Bouma, G.J. Tearney, J.G. Fujimoto, Opt. Lett. 22(22), 1704 (1997)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. F. Lexer, C.K. Hitzenberger, A.F. Fercher, M. Kulhavy, Appl. Opt. 36(25), 6548 (1997)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. G. Häusler, M.W. Lindner, J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 21 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  69. R. Leitgeb, C.K. Hitzenberger, A.F. Fercher, Opt. Express 11(8), 889 (2003)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. M.A. Choma, M.V. Sarunic, C.H. Yang, J.A. Izatt, Opt. Express 11(18), 2183 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. J.F. de Boer, B. Cense, B.H. Park, M.C. Pierce, G.J. Tearney, B.E. Bouma, Opt. Lett. 28(21), 2067 (2003)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. M. Wojtkowski, R. Leitgeb, A. Kowalczyk, T. Bajraszewski, A.F. Fercher, J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 457 (2002)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. S.H. Yun, G.J. Tearney, J.F. de Boer, N. Iftimia, B.E. Bouma, Opt. Express 11(22), 2953 (2003)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. N. Nassif, B. Cense, B.H. Park, S.H. Yun, T.C. Chen, B.E. Bouma, G.J. Tearney, J.F. de Boer, Opt. Lett. 29(5), 480 (2004)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. R.A. Leitgeb, W. Drexler, A. Unterhuber, B. Hermann, T. Bajraszewski, T. Le, A. Stingl, A.F. Fercher, Opt. Express 12(10), 2156 (2004)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. M. Wojtkowski, V.J. Srinivasan, T.H. Ko, J.G. Fujimoto, A. Kowalczyk, J.S. Duker, Opt. Express 12(11), 2404 (2004)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. B. Cense, N.A. Nassif, T. Chen, M. Pierce, S.-H. Yun, B. Park, B. Bouma, G. Tearney, J. de Boer, Opt. Express 12(11), 2435 (2004)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. R.A. Leitgeb, L. Schmetterer, W. Drexler, A.F. Fercher, R.J. Zawadzki, T. Bajraszewski, Opt. Express 11(23), 3116 (2003)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. B.R. White, M.C. Pierce, N. Nassif, B. Cense, B.H. Park, G.J. Tearney, B.E. Bouma, T.C. Chen, J.F. de Boer, Opt. Express 11(25), 3490 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. M. Wojtkowski, A. Kowalczyk, R. Leitgeb, A.F. Fercher, Opt. Lett. 27(16), 1415 (2002)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. R. Leitgeb, T. Bajraszewski, C.K. Hitzenberger, A.F. Fercher, Proc. SPIE 4956, 101 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  82. R.A. Leitgeb, C.K. Hitzenberger, A.F. Fercher, T. Bajraszewski, Opt. Lett. 28(22), 2201 (2003)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. M.A. Choma, C.H. Yang, J.A. Izatt, Opt. Lett. 28(22), 2162 (2003)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. V.J. Srinivasan, M. Wojtkowski, A.J. Witkin, J.S. Duker, T.H. Ko, M. Carvalho, J.S. Schuman, A. Kowalczyk, J.G. Fujimoto, Ophthalmology 113(11), 2054 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Schmidt-Erfurth, U., R.A. Leitgeb, S. Michels, B. Povazay, S. Sacu, B. Hermann, C. Ahlers, H. Sattmann, C. Scholda, A.F. Fercher, W. Drexler, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46(9), 3393 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  86. B.K. Monson, P.B. Greenberg, E. Greenberg, J.G. Fujimoto, V.J. Srinivasan, J.S. Duker, Br. J. Ophthalmol. 91(1), 119 (2007)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. G. Karan, C. Lillo, Z. Yang, D.J. Cameron, K.G. Locke, Y. Zhao, S. Thirumalaichary, C. Li, D.G. Birch, H.R. Vollmer-Snarr, D.S. Williams, K. Zhang, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102(11), 4164 (2005)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. J. Ambati, A. Anand, S. Fernandez, E. Sakurai, B.C. Lynn, W.A. Kuziel, B.J. Rollins, B.K. Ambati, Nat. Med. 9(11), 1390 (2003)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. V.J. Srinivasan, T.H. Ko, M. Wojtkowski, M. Carvalho, A. Clermont, S.E. Bursell, Q.H. Song, J. Lem, J.S. Duker, J.S. Schuman, J.G. Fujimoto, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47(12), 5522 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. D.C. Fernandez, H.M. Salinas, C.A. Puliafito, Opt. Express 13(25), 10200 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  91. M. Mujat, R.C. Chan, B. Cense, B.H. Park, C. Joo, T. Akkin, T.C. Chen, J.F. de Boer, Opt. Express 13(23), 9480 (2005)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. D. Koozekanani, K. Boyer, C. Roberts, IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 20(9), 900 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. R.O. Duda, P.E. Hart, D.G. Stork, Pattern Classification (Wiley Interscience, New York, 2001)

    Google Scholar 

  94. R.C. Gonzalez, R.E. Woods, Digital Image Processing (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2002)

    Google Scholar 

  95. B. Povazay, K. Bizheva, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattmann, A.F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C. Schubert, P.K. Ahnelt, M. Mei, R. Holzwarth, W.J. Wadsworth, J.C. Knight, P.S. Russel, Opt. Express 11(17), 1980 (2003)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. A. Unterhuber, B. Povazay, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, A. Chavez-Pirson, W. Drexler, Opt. Express 13(9), 3252 (2005)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. B. Povazay, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, S.H.F. Zeiler, J.E. Morgan, C. Falkner-Radler, C. Glittenberg, S. Binder, W. Drexler, J. Biomed. Opt.12(4), 041211 (2007)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. S.H. Yun, G.J. Tearney, B.E. Bouma, B.H. Park, J.F. de Boer, Opt. Express 11(26), 3598 (2003)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. K. Bizheva, R. Pflug, B. Hermann, B. Povazay, H. Sattmann, P. Qiu, E. Anger, H. Reitsamer, S. Popov, J.R. Taylor, A. Unterhuber, P. Ahnelt, W. Drexler, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103(13), 5066 (2006)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. V.J. Srinivasan, M. Wojtkowski, J.G. Fujimoto, J.S. Duker, Opt. Lett. 31(15), 2308 (2006)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. B. Povazay, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, B. Hofer, H. Sattmann, F. Zeiler, J.E. Morgan, C. Falkner-Radler, C. Glittenberg, S. Blinder, W. Drexler, J. Biomed. Opt. 12(4), 041211 (2007)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. S.R. Chinn, E.A. Swanson, J.G. Fujimoto, Opt. Lett. 22(5), 340 (1997)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. S.H. Yun, G.J. Tearney, J.F. de-Boer, N. Iftimia, B.E. Bouma, Opt. Express 11(22), 2953 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  104. S.H. Yun, C. Boudoux, G. Tearney, B.E. Bouma, Opt. Lett. 28(20), 1981 (2003)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. W.Y. Oh, S.H. Yun, G.J. Tearney, B.E. Bouma, Opt. Lett. 30(23), 3159 (2005)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. E.C.W. Lee, J.F. de Boer, M. Mujat, H. Lim, S.H. Yun, Opt. Express 14(10), 4403 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. H. Lim, M. Mujat, C. Kerbage, E.C.W. Lee, Y. Chen, T.C. Chen, J.F. de Boer, Opt. Express 14(26), 12902 (2006)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. V.J. Srinivasan, R. Huber, I. Gorczynska, J. Fujimoto, J.Y. Jiang, P. Reisen, A.E. Cable, Opt. Lett. 32(4), 361 (2007)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. R. Huber, M. Wojtkowski, K. Taira, J.G. Fujimoto, K. Hsu, Opt. Express 13(9), 3513 (2005)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. R. Huber, M. Wojtkowski, J.G. Fujimoto, Opt. Express 14(8), 3225 (2006)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. R. Huber, D.C. Adler, J.G. Fujimoto, Opt. Lett. 31(20), 2975 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. D.C. Adler, R. Huber, J.G. Fujimoto, Opt. Lett. 32(6), 626 (2007)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. R. Huber, D.C. Adler, V. Srinivasan, J.G. Fujimoto, Opt. Lett. 32(14), 2049 (2007)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. H.C. Howland, B. Howland, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67, 1508 (1977)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. P. Artal, R. Navarro, Opt. Lett. 14, 1098 (1989)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. H. Hofer, L. Chen, G.Y. Yoon, B. Singer, Y. Yamauchi, D.R. Williams, Opt. Express 8, 631 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. J.Z. Liang, D.R. Williams, D.T. Miller, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. 14(11), 2884 (1997)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. F. Vargas-Martin, P.M. Prieto, P. Artal, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. 15(9), 2552 (1998)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. E.J. Fernandez, I. Iglesias, P. Artal, Opt. Lett. 26(10), 746 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. A. Roorda, D.R. Williams, Nature 397(6719), 520 (1999)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. H. Hofer, L. Chen, G.-Y. Yoon, B. Singer, Y. Yamauchi, D.R. Williams, Opt. Express 8(11), 631 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. A. Roorda, F. Romero-Borja, W.J. Donnelly, H. Queener, T.J. Hebert, M.C.W. Campbell, Opt. Express 10(9), 405 (2002)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. D.C. Gray, W. Merigan, J.I. Wolfing, B.P. Gee, J. Porter, A. Dubra, T.H. Twietmeyer, K. Ahmad, R. Tumbar, F. Reinholz, D.R. Williams, Opt. Express 14(16), 7144 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. D.T. Miller, J. Qu, R.S. Jonnal, K. Thorn, Proc. SPIE 4956, 65 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  125. B. Hermann, E.J. Fernandez, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattmann, A.F. Fercher, W. Drexler, P.M. Prieto, P. Artal, Opt. Lett. 29(18), 2142 (2004)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. E.J. Fernandez, B. Povazay, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattmann, P.M. Prieto, R. Leitgeb, P. Ahnelt, P. Artal, W. Drexler, Vis. Res. 45(28), 3432 (2005)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Y. Zhang, J.T. Rha, R.S. Jonnal, D.T. Miller, Opt. Express 13(12), 4792 (2005)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Y. Zhang, B. Cense, J. Rha, R.S. Jonnal, W. Gao, R.J. Zawadzki, J.S. Werner, S. Jones, S. Olivier, D.T. Miller, Opt. Express 14(10), 4380 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. R.J. Zawadzki, S.M. Jones, S.S. Olivier, M.T. Zhao, B.A. Bower, J.A. Izatt, S. Choi, S. Laut, J.S. Werner, Opt. Express 13(21), 8532 (2005)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. E.J. Fernandez, A. Unterhuber, P.M. Prieto, B. Hermann,W. Drexler, P. Artal, Opt. Express 13(2), 400 (2005)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. E.J. Fernandez, W. Drexler, Opt. Express 13(20), 8184 (2005)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. E.J. Fernandez, A. Unterhuber, B. Povazay, B. Hermann, P. Artal, W. Drexler, Opt. Express 14(13), 6213 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. E.J. Fernandez, L. Vabre, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, B. Povazay,W. Drexler, Opt. Express 14(20), 8900 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. H.P. Scholl, E. Zrenner, Surv. Ophthalmol. 45(1), 29 (2000)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4LU, UK

    Professor Dr. W. Drexler

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA

    Professor Dr. J. G. Fujimoto

Authors
  1. Professor Dr. W. Drexler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Professor Dr. J. G. Fujimoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4LU, UK

    Wolfgang Drexler

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA

    James G. Fujimoto

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Drexler, W., Fujimoto, J.G. (2008). Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography. In: Drexler, W., Fujimoto, J.G. (eds) Optical Coherence Tomography. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77550-8_32

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77550-8_32

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-77549-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-77550-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation