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Early Diagnosis of HIV Infection in the Breastfed Infant

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and Breastfeeding

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 743))

Abstract

More than 90% of the 370,000 pediatric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections globally in 2009 were acquired through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) [1], and most of these transmissions occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. MTCT of HIV-1 occurs either during late pregnancy, the intrapartum period, or breastfeeding [2, 3]. With the application of prophylactic antiretroviral (ARV) therapy and breastfeeding avoidance, MTCT is now observed in only 1–2% of at-risk infants in developed countries [4, 5]. The majority of pregnant women residing in high HIV-burden, resource-limited countries (RLCs) are still not aware of their infection status and do not receive timely intervention measures to prevent vertical transmission [6–11]. Untreated infected infants have high HIV-related morbidity and mortality. Approximately 33% of the untreated infected infants in RLCs die during their first year of life, and >50% die within their first 2 years [12]. Treating infants early greatly reduces mortality and morbidity [13]. Recognition of the importance of reducing infant HIV mortality has facilitated the development of methods to bring appropriate testing closer to pregnant and lactating mothers, to identify HIV-infected infants earlier, and to provide timely access to life-saving ARV treatment and care. New and accurate diagnostic methods have emerged in the last few years, and many of these methods have been field-validated. This diagnostic service should not comprise a stand-alone program but must be integrated into the overall mother and child health programs to achieve the goal of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) [14, 15]. In this chapter, we review currently available diagnostic methodologies, including their advantages and disadvantages, their testing algorithms, and their quality assurance requirements, with a particular focus on early HIV diagnosis in the breastfed infant. Further, we discuss efforts toward the development of simple, accurate, and rapid diagnostic applications.

Conflict of interest statement for individual authors None of the authors report conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Global HIV/AIDS (DGHA), Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA

    Chin-Yih Ou Ph.D. (Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology), Christine Korhonen & Marc Bulterys

  2. CDC Global AIDS Program, Beijing, China

    Chin-Yih Ou Ph.D. (Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology), Christine Korhonen & Marc Bulterys

  3. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Chin-Yih Ou Ph.D. (Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology), Christine Korhonen & Marc Bulterys

  4. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA

    Susan Fiscus

  5. Global AIDS Program, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Dennis Ellenberger, Bharat Parekh & John Nkengasong

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  1. Chin-Yih Ou Ph.D.
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  2. Susan Fiscus
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  3. Dennis Ellenberger
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  4. Bharat Parekh
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  5. Christine Korhonen
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  6. John Nkengasong
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  7. Marc Bulterys
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Correspondence to Chin-Yih Ou Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, Emory University, Buford Highway 4770, Atlanta, 30341, Georgia, USA

    Athena P. Kourtis

  2. and Prevention, Global AIDS Program - China, Centers for Disease Control, Emory University School of Medicine, Beijing, 100600, China, People's Republic

    Marc Bulterys

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Ou, CY. et al. (2012). Early Diagnosis of HIV Infection in the Breastfed Infant. In: Kourtis, A., Bulterys, M. (eds) Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and Breastfeeding. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 743. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2251-8_4

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