Article PDF
References
Ammerman, A. J., & Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1984). The neolithic transition and the genetics of populations in Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bastian, M. L., Zweifel, N., Vogel, E. R., Wich, S. A., & van Schaik, C. P. (in press). Diet traditions in wild orangutans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
Boogert, N. J., Reader, S. M., Hoppitt, W., & Laland, K. N. (2008). The origin and spread of innovations in starlings. Animal Behaviour, 75, 1509–1518.
Boyd, R., & Richerson, P. J. (1985). Culture and the evolutionary process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Caldwell, C. A., & Millen, A. E. (2010). Human cumulative culture in the laboratory: Effects of (micro) population size. Learning & Behavior, 38, 310–318.
Caro, T. M., & Hauser, M. D. (1992). Is there teaching in nonhuman animals? Quarterly Review of Biology, 67, 151–174
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., & Feldman, M. W. (1981). Cultural transmission and evolution: A quantitative approach. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Dewar, G. (2003). The cue reliability approach to social transmission: Designing tests for adaptive traditions. In D. M. Fragaszy & S. Perry (Eds.), The biology of traditions: Models and evidence (pp. 127–158). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fay, N., Garrod, S., Roberts, L., & Swoboda, N. (2010). The interactive evolution of human communication systems. Cognitive Science, 34, 351–386.
Fisher, J., & Hinde, R. A. (1949). The opening of milk bottles by birds. British Birds, 42, 347–357.
Flynn, E., & Whiten, A. (2010). Studying children’s social learning experimentally “in the wild.” Learning & Behavior, 38, 284–296.
Franz, M., & Nunn, C. L. (2009). Network-based diffusion analysis: A new method for detecting social learning. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 1829–1836.
Franz, M., & Nunn, C. L. (2010). Investigating the impact of observaneeds tion errors on the statistical performance of network-based diffusion analysis. Learning & Behavior, 38, 235–242.
Galef, B. G., Jr. (1980). Diving for food: Analysis of a possible case of social learning in wild rats (Rattus norvegicus). Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 94, 416–425.
Galef, B. G., Jr. (1984). Reciprocal heuristics: A discussion of the relationship of the study of learned behavior in laboratory and field. Learning & Motivation, 15, 479–493.
Galef, B. G., Jr. (2004). Approaches to the study of traditional behaviors of free-living animals. Learning & Behavior, 32, 53–61.
Galef, B. G. [,Jr.] (2009). Culture in animals? In K. N. Laland & B. G. Galef (Eds.), The question of animal culture (pp. 222–246). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Galef, B. G., Jr., & Giraldeau, L.-A. (2001). Social influences on foraging in vertebrates: Causal mechanisms and adaptive functions. Animal Behaviour, 61, 3–15.
Griffin, A. S. (2004). Social learning about predators: A review and prospectus. Learning & Behavior, 32, 131–140.
Gürek, O., Irlenbusch, B., & Rockenbach, B. (2006). The competitive advantage of sanctioning institutions. Science, 312, 108–111.
Hahn, M. W., & Bentley, R. A. (2003). Drift as a mechanism of cultural change: An example from baby names. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 270, S1-S4.
Haslam, M., Hernandez-Aguilar, A., Ling, V., Carvalho, S., de la Torre, I., DeStefano, A., et al. (2009). Primate archaeology. Nature, 460, 339–344.
Hewlett, B. S., De Silvestri, A., & Guglielmino, C. R. (2002). Semes and genes in Africa. Current Anthropology, 43, 313–321.
Hill, K. (2010). Experimental studies of animal social learning in the wild: Trying to untangle the mystery of human culture. Learning á Behavior, 38, 319–328.
Hohmann, G., & Fruth, B. (2003). Culture in bonobos? Between-species and within-species variation in behavior. Current Anthropology, 44, 563–571.
Holzhaider, J. C., Hunt, G. R., & Gray, R. D. (2010). Social learning in New Caledonian crows. Learning & Behavior, 38, 206–219.
Hoppitt, W., Boogert, N. J., & Laland, K. N. (2010). Detecting social transmission in networks. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 263, 544–555. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.01.004
Hoppitt, W., Brown, G. R., Kendal, R. L., Rendell, L., Thornton, A., Webster, M. M., & Laland, K. N. (2008). Lessons from animal teaching. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23, 486–493.
Hoppitt, W., Kandler, A., Kendal, J. R., & Laland, K. N. (2010). The effect of task structure on diffusion dynamics: Implications for diffusion curve and network-based analyses. Learning & Behavior, 38, 243–251.
Huffman, M. A., Nahallage, C. A. D., & Leca, J.-B. (2008). Cultured monkeys: Social learning cast in stones. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 410–414.
Jaeggi, A., Dunkel, L., van Noordwijk, M. A., Wich, S. A., Sura, A. A. L., & van Schaik, C. P. (2010). Social learning of diet and foraging skills by wild immature Bornean orangutans: Implications for culture. American Journal of Primatology, 72, 62–71.
Jones, B. C., DeBruine, L. M., Little, A. C., Burriss, R. P., & Feinberg, D. R. (2007). Social transmission of face preferences among humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 274, 899–903.
Kameda, T., & Nakanishi, D. (2003). Does cultural/social learning increase human adaptability? Rogers’ question revisited. Evolution á Human Behavior, 24, 242–260.
Kawai, M. (1965). Newly acquired pre-cultural behaviour of the natural troop of Japanese monkeys on Koshima Islet. Primates, 6, 1–30.
Kendal, J. R., Kendal, R. L., & Laland, K. N. (2007). Quantifying and modelling social learning processes in monkey populations. International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 7, 123–138.
Kendal, R. L., Custance, D. M., Kendal, J. R., Vale, G., Stoinski, T. S., Rakotomalala, N. L., & Rasamimanana, H. (2010). Evidence for social learning in wild lemurs (Lemur catta). Learning á Behavior, 38, 220–234.
Kendal, R. L., Kendal, J. R., Hoppitt, W., & Laland, K. N. (2009). Identifying social learning in animal populations: A new “optionbias” method. PLoS ONE, 4, e6541.
Krakauer, E. B. (2005). Development of aye-aye (Daubentonia mada gascariensis) foraging skills: Independent exploration and social learning. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Duke University.
Krützen, M., Mann, J., Heithaus, M. R., Connor, R. C., Bejder, L., & Sherwin, W. B. (2005). Cultural transmission of tool use in bottlenose dolphins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 8939–8943.
Laland, K. N. (1994). Sexual selection with a culturally transmitted mating preference. Theoretical Population Biology, 45, 1–15.
Laland, K. N. (2004). Social learning strategies. Learning & Behavior, 32, 4–14.
Leca, J.-B., Gunst, N., & Huffman, M. A. (2007). Japanese macaque cultures: Inter- and intra-troop behavioural variability of stone handling patterns across 10 troops. Behaviour, 144, 251–281.
Lefebvre, L. (1995). The opening of milk bottles by birds: Evidence for accelerating learning rates, but against the wave-of-advance model of cultural transmission. Behavioural Processes, 34, 43–54.
Lonsdorf, E. V., & Bonnie, K. E. (2010). Opportunities and constraints when studying social learning: Developmental approaches and social factors. Learning & Behavior, 38, 195–205.
Lycett, S. J. (2010). The importance of history in definitions of “culture”: Implications from phylogenetic approaches to the study of social learning in chimpanzees. Learning & Behavior, 38, 252–264.
Matthews, L. J. (2009). Intragroup behavioural variation in whitefronted capuchin monkeys (Cebus albifrons): Mixed evidence for social learning inferred from new and established analytical methods. Behaviour, 146, 295–324.
McElreath, R., Bell, A. V., Efferson, C., Lubell, M., Richerson, P. J., & Waring, T. (2008). Beyond existence and aiming outside the laboratory: Estimating frequency-dependent and pay-off-biased social learning strategies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363, 3515–3528. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0131
McGrew, W. C. (2002). Ten dispatches from the chimpanzee culture wars. In F. B. M. de Waal & P. L. Tyack (Eds.), Animal social complexity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Mesoudi, A., & O’Brien, M. J. (2008). The cultural transmission of Great Basin projectile point technology I: An experimental simulation. American Antiquity, 73, 3–28.
Mesoudi, A., & Whiten, A. (2008). The multiple roles of cultural transmission experiments in understanding human cultural evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363, 3489–3501. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0129
Peake, T. M., & McGregor, P. K. (2004). Information and aggression in fishes. Learning & Behavior, 32, 114–121.
Perry, S. (2009). Conformism in the food processing techniques of white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus). Animal Cognition, 12, 705–716.
Perry, S., Baker, M., Fedigan, L., Gros-Louis, J., Jack, K., Mac-Kinnon, K. C., et al. (2003). Social conventions in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys: Evidence for traditions in a neotropical primate. Current Anthropology, 44, 241–268.
Reader, S. M. (2004). Distinguishing social and asocial learning using diffusion dynamics. Learning & Behavior, 32, 90–104.
Reader, S. M., & Biro, D. (2010). Experimental identification of social learning in wild animals. Learning & Behavior, 38, 265–283.
Reader, S. M., & Laland, K. N. (2003). Animal innovation: An introduction. In S. M. Reader & K. N. Laland (Eds.), Animal innovation (pp. 3–38). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rendell, L., Boyd, R., Cownden, D., Enquist, M., Eriksson, K., Feldman, M. W., et al. (2010). Why copy others? Insights from the social learning strategies tournament. Science, 328, 208–213.
Rendell, L., & Whitehead, H. (2001). Culture in whales and dolphins. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 24, 309–324.
Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). New York: Free Press.
Salganik, M. J., Dodds, P. S., & Watts, D. J. (2006). Experimental study of inequality and unpredictability in an artificial cultural market. Science, 311, 854–856.
Sargeant, B. L., & Mann, J. (2009). From social learning to culture: Intrapopulation variation in bottlenose dolphins. In K. N. Laland á B. G. Galef (Eds.), The question of animal culture (pp. 152–173). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Smith, K., Kalish, M. L., Griffiths, T. L., & Lewandowsky, S. (2008). Cultural transmission and the evolution of human behaviour [Special issue]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363 (Whole No. 1509).
Subiaul, F. (2007). The imitation faculty in monkeys: Evaluating its features, distribution and evolution. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 85, 35–62.
Tehrani, J., & Collard, M. (2002). Investigating cultural evolution through biological phylogenetic analysis of Turkmen textiles. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 21, 443–463.
Thornton, A., & McAuliffe, K. (2006). Teaching in wild meerkats. Science, 313, 227–229.
Thornton, A., & Raihani, N. J. (2010). Identifying teaching in wild animals. Learning & Behavior, 38, 297–309.
Thornton, J. A. N., Samson, J., Laland, K. N., & Hoppitt, W. (2010). Mechanisms of social transmission in wild meerkats. Manuscript in preparation.
Toelch, U., van Delft, M. J., Bruce, M. J., Donders, R., Meeus, M. T. H., & Reader, S. M. (2009). Decreased environmental variability induces a bias for social information use in humans. Evolution & Human Behavior, 30, 32–40.
Tomasello, M. (1999). The cultural origins of human cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
van Schaik, C. P., Ancrenaz, M., Borgen, G., Galdikas, B., Knott, C. D., Singleton, I., et al. (2003). Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture. Science, 299, 102–105.
van Schaik, C. P., Fox, E. A., & Fechtman, L. T. (2003). Individual variation in the rate of use of tree-hole tools among wild orangutans: Implications for hominid evolution. Journal of Human Evolution, 44, 11–23.
White, D. J. (2004). Influences of social learning on mate-choice decisions. Learning & Behavior, 32, 105–113.
Whitehead, H. (2009). How might we study culture? A perspective from the ocean. In K. N. Laland & B. G. Galef (Eds.), The question of animal culture (pp. 125–151). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Whitehead, H. (2010). Conserving and managing animals that learn socially and share cultures. Learning & Behavior, 38, 329–336.
Whiten, A. (2009). The identification and differentiation of culture in chimpanzees and other animals: From natural history to diffusion experiments. In K. N. Laland & B. G. Galef (Eds.), The question of animal culture (pp. 99–124). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W. C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., et al. (1999). Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature, 399, 682–685.
Whiten, A., & Mesoudi, A. (2008). Establishing an experimental science of culture: Animal social diffusion experiments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363, 3477–3488.
Whiten, A., & van Schaik, C. P. (2007). The evolution of animal “cultures” and social intelligence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 362, 603–620.
Zann, R. (1990). Song and call learning in wild zebra finches in southeast Australia. Animal Behaviour, 40, 811–828.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
For ensuring smooth running of the IPS symposium, from which this special issue grew, R.L.K. is extremely grateful to Jeremy Kendal and Lydia Hopper for stepping into the breach. We thank Jamie Tehrani, Gill Vale, Natalie le Brun, and Lara Wood for assistance in reviewing the contributed manuscripts, and Will Hoppitt, Jeremy Kendal, and Alex Mesoudi for insights regarding this introduction. R.L.K. is supported by a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship, and C.P.v.S. by SNF Grants 31003A-111915 and 3100A0-116848/1.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kendal, R.L., Galef, B.G. & Van Schaik, C.P. Social learning research outside the laboratory: How and why?. Learning & Behavior 38, 187–194 (2010). https://doi.org/10.3758/LB.38.3.187
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/LB.38.3.187