Abstract
A true Tree Calculus is being developed to make a joint study of the two statistics “eoc” (end of minimal chain) and “pom” (parent of maximum leaf) on the set of secant trees. Their joint distribution restricted to the set {eoc-pom ≤ 1} is shown to satisfy two partial difference equation systems, to be symmetric and to be expressed in the form of an explicit three-variable generating function.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Désiré André, Développement de sec x et tan x, C. R. Math. Acad. Sci. Paris, 88 (1879), 965–979.
Désiré André, Sur les permutations alternées, J. Math. Pures et Appl., 7 (1881), 167–184.
Louis Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, D. Reidel/Dordrecht-Holland, Boston, 1974.
R.C. Entringer, A combinatorial interpretation of the Euler and Bernoulli numbers, Nieuw Arch. Wisk., 14 (1966), 241–246.
Dominique Foata; Guo-Niu Han, The doubloon polynomial triangle, Ramanujan J., 23(2010), 107–126 (The Andrews Festschrift).
Dominique Foata; Guo-Niu Han, Doubloons and q-secant numbers, Münster J. of Math., 3(2010), 129–150.
Dominique Foata; Guo-Niu Han, Doubloons and new q-tangent numbers, Quarterly J. Math., 62(2011), 417–432.
Dominique Foata; Guo-Niu Han, Finite difference calculus for alternating permutations, J. Difference Equations and Appl., 19(2013), 1952–1966.
Dominique Foata; Guo-Niu Han, Tree Calculus for Bivariate Difference Equations, J. Difference Equations and Appl., 2014, to appear, 36 pages.
Markus Fulmek, A continued fraction expansion for a q-tangent function, Sém. Lothar. Combin., B45b(2000), 3pp.
Yoann Gelineau; Heesung Shin; Jiang Zeng, Bijections for Entringer families, Europ. J. Combin., 32(2011), 100–115.
Guo-Niu Han; Arthur Randrianarivony; Jiang Zeng, Un autre q-analogue des nombres d’Euler, The Andrews Festschrift. Seventeen Papers on Classical Number Theory and Combinatorics, D. Foata, G.-N. Han eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2001, pp. 139–158. Sém. Lothar. Combin., Art. B42e, 22 pp.
Charles Jordan, Calculus of Finite Differences, Röttig and Romwalter, Budapest, 1939.
M. Josuat-Vergès, A q-enumeration of alternating permutations, Europ. J. Combin., 31(2010), 1892–1906.
Sergey Kitaev; Jeffrey Remmel, Quadrant Marked Mesh Patterns in Alternating Permutations, Sém. Lothar. Combin., B68a (2012), 20pp.
A. G. Kuznetsov; I. M. Pak; A. E. Postnikov, Increasing trees and alternating permutations, Uspekhi Mat. Nauk, 49(1994), 79–110.
Niels Nielsen, Traité élémentaire des nombres de Bernoulli, Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1923.
Christiane Poupard, De nouvelles significations énumératives des nombres d’Entringer, Discrete Math., 38(1982), 265–271.
Christiane Poupard, Deux propriétés des arbres binaires ordonnés stricts, Europ. J. Combin., 10(1989), 369–374.
Christiane Poupard, Two other interpretations of the Entringer numbers, Europ. J. Combin., 18(1997), 939–943.
Helmut Prodinger, Combinatorics of geometrically distributed random variables: new q-tangent and q-secant numbers, Int. J. Math. Math. Sci., 24(2000), 825–838.
Helmut Prodinger, A Continued Fraction Expansion for a q-Tangent Function: an Elementary Proof, Sém. Lothar. Combin., B60b (2008), 3 pp.
Richard P. Stanley, A Survey of Alternating Permutations, in Combinatorics and graphs, 165–196, Contemp. Math., 531, Amer. Math. Soc. Providence, RI, 2010.
Heesung Shin; Jiang Zeng, The q-tangent and q-secant numbers via continued fractions, Europ. J. Combin., 31(2010), 1689–1705.
Xavier G. Viennot, Séries génératrices énumératives, chap. 3, Lecture Notes, 160 p., 1988, notes de cours donnés à l’École Normale Supérieure Ulm (Paris), UQAM (Montréal, Québec) et Université de Wuhan (Chine) http://web.mac.com/xgviennot/Xavier_Viennot/cours.html.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Foata, D., Han, GN. Secant tree calculus. centr.eur.j.math. 12, 1852–1870 (2014). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11533-014-0429-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11533-014-0429-7