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Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Growth, Body Composition and Metabolism in Pediatric HIV Patients

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Abstract

Highly active antiretroviral therapy improves survival and growth in children with HIV infection. However, its use can be associated with adverse changes in body composition and metabolism. Bone mineral density can be adversely affected in HIV-positive children due to nutritional compromise or certain anti-retrovirals. HIV-associated lipodystrophy, consisting of redistribution of adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, has also been described in children. Pediatric HIV patients may be at greater risk for these problems because of their longer potential lifetime exposure to these agents and because childhood is normally a period of rapid growth and tissue accretion. Healthcare providers for children with HIV infection must be aware of the potential complications associated with HIV antiretrovirals so that their antiviral efficacy can be balanced against their risk for side effects. In this review, we discuss the alterations in childhood growth and body composition that occur in HIV-infected children, and describe the impact of antiretroviral therapy on these outcomes. The problem of HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome in children is also discussed. Children with HIV should have their growth and body composition systematically monitored. Antiretroviral regimens should be tailored to optimize adherence and viral suppression while minimizing the potential for adverse side effects.

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Acknowledgements

Roy Kim is supported by NIH grant K12 DK63682 and has no conflicts of interest to report. Richard Rutstein has no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this review.

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  1. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Roy J. Kim

  2. Special Immunology Service, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Richard M. Rutstein

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Kim, R.J., Rutstein, R.M. Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Growth, Body Composition and Metabolism in Pediatric HIV Patients. Pediatr-Drugs 12, 187–199 (2010). https://doi.org/10.2165/11532520-000000000-00000

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