Skip to main content
Log in

Medical Treatment of Patients with Heart Failure or Left Ventricular Dysfunction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

  • Therapy In Practice
  • Published:
American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Management of ischemic patients with pre-existing or new-onset left ventricular (LV) dysfunction poses a special challenge in terms of the timing of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and appropriate adjunctive medications to optimize outcome while minimizing risk. In a systematic fashion, this review attempts to provide a management scheme for patients with heart failure or LV dysfunction that present with stable angina, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, or unstable angina/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. By addressing therapeutic approaches to acute or decompensated heart failure and timing of coronary angiography based on severity of ischemia, we provide evidence-based recommendations for medications to initiate before, during, and following PCI.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Table I
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1366–74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Smith Jr SC, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld Jr JW, et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: e1–121

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44:E1–E211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult-summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 1116–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. van den Berg Jr EK. Popma JJ, Dehmer GJ, et al. Reversible segmental left ventricular dysfunction after coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1990; 81: 1210–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Carlson EB, Cowley MJ, Wolfgang TC, et al. Acute changes in global and regional rest left ventricular function after successful coronary angioplasty: comparative results in stable and unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989; 13: 1262–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Pagley PR, Beller GA, Watson DD, et al. Improved outcome after coronary bypass surgery in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and residual myocardial viability. Circulation 1997; 96: 793–800

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Spencer FA, Meyer TE, Gore JM, et al. Heterogeneity in the management and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure: the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 2002; 105: 2605–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Steg PG, Dabbous OH, Feldman LJ, et al. Determinants and prognostic impact of heart failure complicating acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Circulation 2004; 109: 494–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Rott D, Behar S, Hod H, et al. Improved survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction with significant left ventricular dysfunction undergoing invasive coronary procedures. Am Heart J 2001; 141: 267–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Wu AH, Parsons L, Every NR, et al. Hospital outcomes in patients presenting with congestive heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction: a report from the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI-2). J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1389–94

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hasdai D, Topol EJ, Califf RM, et al. Cardiogenic shock complicating acute coronary syndromes. Lancet 2000; 356: 749–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Babaev A, Frederick PD, Pasta DJ, et al. Trends in management and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. JAMA 2005; 294: 448–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, White HD, et al. One-year survival following early revascularization for cardiogenic shock. JAMA 2001; 285: 190–2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 625–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. White HD, Assmann SF, Sanborn TA, et al. Comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting after acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: results from the Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock (SHOCK) trial. Circulation 2005; 112: 1992–2001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. French JK, Feldman HA, Assmann SF, et al. Influence of thrombolytic therapy, with or without intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, on 12-month survival in the SHOCK trial. Am Heart J 2003; 146: 804–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Lancet 1986; 1: 397–402

  19. Cotter G, Metzkor E, Kaluski E, et al. Randomised trial of high-dose isosorbide dinitrate plus low-dose furosemide versus high-dose furosemide plus low-dose isosorbide dinitrate in severe pulmonary oedema. Lancet 1998; 351: 389–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kaski JC, Plaza LR, Meran DO, et al. Improved coronary supply: prevailing mechanism of action of nitrates in chronic stable angina. Am Heart J 1985; 110: 238–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1995; 345: 669–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383–9

  23. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels: the Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1349–57

  24. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels: Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1001–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Chan AW, Bhatt DL, Chew DP, et al. Early and sustained survival benefit associated with statin therapy at the time of percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2002; 105: 691–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Pasceri V, Patti G, Nusca A, et al. Randomized trial of atorvastatin for reduction of myocardial damage during coronary intervention: results from the ARMYDA (Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty) study. Circulation 2004; 110: 674–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Saab FA, Eagle KA, Kline-Rogers E, et al. Comparison of outcomes in acute coronary syndrome in patients receiving statins within 24 hours of onset versus at later times. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 1166–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Spencer FA, Fonarow GC, Frederick PD, et al. Early withdrawal of statin therapy in patients with non-st-segment elevation myocardial infarction: National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 2162–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, et al. The effects of simvastatin on the incidence of heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease. J Card Fail 1997; 3: 249–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Horwich TB, MacLellan WR, Fonarow GC. Statin therapy is associated with improved survival in ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 642–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hognestad A, Dickstein K, Myhre E, et al. Effect of combined statin and betablocker treatment on one-year morbidity and mortality after acute myocardial infarction associated with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93: 603–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hong YJ, Jeong MH, Hyun DW, et al. Prognostic significance of simvastatin therapy in patients with ischemic heart failure who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95: 619–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Lipinski MJ, Martin RE, Cowley MJ, et al. Effect of statins and white blood cell count on mortality in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Clin Cardiol 2006; 29: 36–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. von Arnim T. Medical treatment to reduce total ischemic burden: total ischemic burden bisoprolol study (TIBBS), a multicenter trial comparing bisoprolol and nifedipine. The TIBBS Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 231–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Pepine CJ, Cohn PF, Deedwania PC, et al. Effects of treatment on outcome in mildly symptomatic patients with ischemia during daily life: the Atenolol Silent Ischemia Study (ASIST). Circulation 1994; 90: 762–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Rehnqvist N, Hjemdahl P, Billing E, et al. Treatment of stable angina pectoris with calcium antagonists and beta-blockers: the APSIS study. Angina Prognosis Study in Stockholm. Cardiologia 1995; 40(12 Suppl. 1): 301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Dargie HJ, Ford I, Fox KM. Total Ischaemic Burden European Trial (TIBET). Effects of ischaemia and treatment with atenolol, nifedipine SR and their combination on outcome in patients with chronic stable angina: the TIBET Study Group. Eur Heart J 1996; 17: 104–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, et al. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure: U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1349–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 9–13

    Google Scholar 

  40. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999; 353: 2001–7

    Google Scholar 

  41. Shivkumar K, Schultz L, Goldstein S, et al. Effects of propanolol in patients entered in the Beta-Blocker Heart Attack Trial with their first myocardial infarction and persistent electrocardiographic ST-segment depression. Am Heart J 1998; 135: 261–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction: mortality. The MIAMI Trial Research Group. Am J Cardiol 1985; 56: 15G–22G

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Randomised trial of intravenous atenolol among 16 027 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-1. First International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group. Lancet 1986; 2: 57–66

    Google Scholar 

  44. Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, et al. Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1985; 27: 335–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Mechanisms for the early mortality reduction produced by beta-blockade started early in acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-1. ISIS-1 (First International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1988; 1: 921–3

    Google Scholar 

  46. Reduction of infarct size with the early use of timolol in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 9–15

  47. Metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction: enzymatic estimation of infarct size. The MIAMI Trial Research Group. Am J Cardiol 1985; 56: 27G–9G

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Held PH, Teo KK, Yusuf S. Effects of beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and magnesium in acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris. In: Topol EJ, editor. Textbook of interventional cardiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia (PA): W.B. Saunders Company, 1999: 53–66

    Google Scholar 

  49. Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, et al. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 1622–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Dargie HJ. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1385–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Gottlieb SS, McCarter RJ, Vogel RA. Effect of beta-blockade on mortality among high-risk and low-risk patients after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 489–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Janosi A, Ghali JK, Herlitz J, et al. Metoprolol CR/XL in postmyocardial infarction patients with chronic heart failure: experiences from MERIT-HF. Am Heart J 2003; 146: 721–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Lloyd-Jones DM, Camargo CA, Allen LA, et al. Predictors of long-term mortality after hospitalization for primary unstable angina pectoris and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92: 1155–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ellis K, Tcheng JE, Sapp S, et al. Mortality benefit of beta blockade in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing coronary intervention: pooled results from the Epic, Epilog, Epistent, Capture and Rapport Trials. J Interv Cardiol 2003; 16: 299–305

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Yusuf S, Wittes J, Friedman L. Overview of results of randomized clinical trials in heart disease: II. Unstable angina, heart failure, primary prevention with aspirin, and risk factor modification. JAMA 1988; 260: 2259–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. A placebo-controlled trial of captopril in refractory chronic congestive heart failure. Captopril Multicenter Research Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983; 2: 755–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Levine TB, Franciosa JA, Cohn JN. Acute and long-term response to an oral converting-enzyme inhibitor, captopril, in congestive heart failure. Circulation 1980; 62: 35–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Sharpe DN, Murphy J, Coxon R, et al. Enalapril in patients with chronic heart failure: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study. Circulation 1984; 70: 271–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1429–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure: the SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 293–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions: the SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 685–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Demers C, McMurray JJV, Swedberg K, et al. Impact of candesartan on nonfatal myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death in patients with heart failure. JAMA 2005; 294: 1794–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Rouleau JL, Chatterjee K, Benge W, et al. Alterations in left ventricular function and coronary hemodynamics with captopril, hydralazine and prazosin in chronic ischemic heart failure: a comparative study. Circulation 1982; 65: 671–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Wong M, Staszewsky L, Latini R, et al. Valsartan benefits left ventricular structure and function in heart failure: Val-HeFT echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 970–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Lee VC, Rhew DC, Dylan M, et al. Meta-analysis: angiotensin-receptor blockers in chronic heart failure and high-risk acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 693–704

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Pfeffer MA, Lamas GA, Vaughan DE, et al. Effect of captopril on progressive ventricular dilatation after anterior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 80–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Sharpe N, Smith H, Murphy J, et al. Early prevention of left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition. Lancet 1991; 337: 872–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Pfeffer MA, Greaves SC, Arnold JMO, et al. Early versus delayed angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibition therapy in acute myocardial infarction: the Healing and Early Afterload Reducing Therapy Trial. Circulation 1997; 95: 2643–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Borghi C, Boschi S, Ambrosioni E, et al. Evidence of a partial escape of reninangiotensin-aldosterone blockade in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with ACE inhibitors. J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 33: 40–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. The RALES Investigators. Effectiveness of spironolactone added to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a loop diuretic for severe chronic congestive heart failure (the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study [RALES]). Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 902–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 709–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1309–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Pitt B, White H, Nicolau J, et al. Eplerenone reduces mortality 30 days after randomization following acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 425–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Ridker PM, Manson JE, Gaziano JM, et al. Low-dose aspirin therapy for chronic stable angina: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 835–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy: I. Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration. BMJ 1994; 308: 81–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 159–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Nguyen KN, Aursnes I, Kjekshus J. Interaction between enalapril and aspirin on mortality after acute myocardial infarction: subgroup analysis of the Cooperative New Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study II (CONSENSUS II). Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 115–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Aumegeat V, Lamblin N, de Groote P, et al. Aspirin does not adversely affect survival in patients with stable congestive heart failure treated with angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors. Chest 2003; 124: 1250–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Randomized trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12(6 Suppl. A): 3A–13A

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Roux S, Christeller S, Ludin E. Effects of aspirin on coronary reocclusion and recurrent ischemia after thrombolysis: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19: 671–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Jackson EA, Sivasubramian R, Spencer FA, et al. Changes over time in the use of aspirin in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (1975 to 1997): a population-based perspective. Am Heart J 2002; 144: 259–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Schomig A, Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, et al. A randomized comparison of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy after the placement of coronary-artery stents. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1084–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Leon MB, Baim DS, Popma JJ, et al. A clinical trial comparing three antithrombotic-drug regimens after coronary-artery stenting: Stent Anticoagulation Restenosis Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1665–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Muller C, Buttner HJ, Petersen J, et al. A randomized comparison of clopidogrel and aspirin versus ticlopidine and aspirin after the placement of coronary-artery stents. Circulation 2000; 101: 590–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Popma JJ, Berger P, Ohman EM, et al. Antithrombotic therapy during percutaneous coronary intervention: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004; 126: 576S–599

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann III JT, et al. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial [published erratum appears in JAMA 2003; 289: 987]. JAMA 2002; 288: 2411–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Gregorini L, Marco J, Fajadet J, et al. Ticlopidine and aspirin pretreatment reduces coagulation and platelet activation during coronary dilation procedures. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 13–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, et al. Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet 2001; 358: 527–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, et al. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 494–502

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary revascularization: the EPILOG Investigators. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1689–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Randomised placebo-controlled and balloon-angioplasty-controlled trial to assess safety of coronary stenting with use of platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa blockade: the EPISTENT Investigators. Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibitor for Stenting. Lancet 1998; 352: 87–92

    Google Scholar 

  92. Marso SP, Lincoff AM, Ellis SG, et al. Optimizing the percutaneous interventional outcomes for patients with diabetes mellitus: results of the EPISTENT (Evaluation of platelet IIb/IIIa inhibitor for stenting trial) diabetic substudy. Circulation 1999; 100: 2477–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Novel dosing regimen of eptifibatide in planned coronary stent implantation (ESPRIT): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial [published erratum appears in Lancet 2001; 357: 1370]. Lancet 2000; 356: 2037–44

    Google Scholar 

  94. Stone GW, Grines CL, Cox DA, et al. Comparison of angioplasty with stenting, with or without abciximab, in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 957–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Montalescot G, Barragan P, Wittenberg O, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition with coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1895–903

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Kaul U, Gupta RK, Haridas KK, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition using eptifibatide with primary coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction: a 30-day follow-up study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2002; 57: 497–503

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, Pogatsa-Murray G, et al. Evaluation of prolonged antithrombotic pretreatment (‘cooling-off’ strategy) before intervention in patients with unstable coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 1593–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, et al. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1879–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Chew DP, Bhatt DL, Lincoff AM, et al. Defining the optimal activated clotting time during percutaneous coronary intervention: aggregate results from 6 randomized, controlled trials. Circulation 2001; 103: 961–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Rabah MM, Premmereur J, Graham M, et al. Usefulness of intravenous enoxaparin for percutaneous coronary intervention in stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84: 1391–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Berger PB, Mahaffey KW, Meier SJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of only 2 weeks of ticlopidine therapy in patients at increased risk of coronary stent thrombosis: results from the Antiplatelet Therapy alone versus Lovenox plus Antiplatelet therapy in patients at increased risk of Stent Thrombosis (ATLAST) trial. Am Heart J 2002; 143: 841–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. SYNERGY Trial Investigators. Enoxaparin vs unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an intended early invasive strategy: primary results of the SYNERGY Randomized Trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 45–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Orford JL, Fasseas P, Melby S, et al. Safety and efficacy of aspirin, clopidogrel, and warfarin after coronary stent placement in patients with an indication for anticoagulation. Am Heart J 2004; 147: 463–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Arab D, Lewis B, Cho L, et al. Antiplatelet therapy in anticoagulated patients requiring coronary intervention. J Invasive Cardiol 2005; 17: 549–54

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Kereiakes DJ, Grines C, Fry E, et al. Enoxaparin and abciximab adjunctive pharmacotherapy during percutaneous coronary intervention. J Invasive Cardiol 2001; 13: 272–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease: Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-Wave Coronary Events Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 447–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Antman EM, McCabe CH, Gurfinkel EP, et al. Enoxaparin prevents death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 11B trial. Circulation 1999; 100: 1593–601

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Comparison of the effects of two doses of recombinant hirudin compared with heparin in patients with acute myocardial ischemia without ST elevation: a pilot study. Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes (OASIS) Investigators. Circulation 1997; 96: 769–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Lincoff AM, Bittl JA, Harrington RA, et al. Bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary intervention: REPLACE-2 randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 853–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this review. The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this review.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to George W. Vetrovec.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lipinski, M.J., Vetrovec, G.W. Medical Treatment of Patients with Heart Failure or Left Ventricular Dysfunction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 6, 313–325 (2006). https://doi.org/10.2165/00129784-200606050-00004

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00129784-200606050-00004

Keywords

Navigation