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Targeting Mitosis for Anti-Cancer Therapy

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Abstract

Basic research that has focused on achieving a mechanistic understanding of mitosis has provided unprecedented molecular and biochemical insights into this highly complex phase of the cell cycle. The discovery process has uncovered an ever-expanding list of novel proteins that orchestrate and coordinate spindle formation and chromosome dynamics during mitosis. That many of these proteins appear to function solely in mitosis makes them ideal targets for the development of mitosis-specific cancer drugs. The clinical successes seen with anti-microtubule drugs such as taxanes and the vinca alkaloids have also encouraged the development of drugs that specifically target mitosis. Drugs that selectively inhibit mitotic kinesins involved in spindle and kinetochorefunctions, as well as kinases that regulate these activities, are currently in various stages of clinical trials. Ourincreased understanding of mitosis has also revealed that this process is targeted by inhibitors of farnesyltransferase, histone deacetylase, and Hsp90. Although these drugs were originally designed to block cell proliferation by inhibiting signaling pathways and altering gene expression, it is clear now that these drugs can also directly interfere with the mitotic process.

The increased attention to mitosis as a chemotherapeutic target has also raised an important issue regarding the cellular determinants that specify drug sensitivity. One likely contribution is the mitotic checkpoint, a fail safe mechanism that delays mitotic exit so that cells whose chromosomes are not properly attached to the spindle have extra time to correct their errors. As the biochemical activity of the mitotic checkpoint is finite, cells cannot indefinitely sustain the delay, as in cases where cells are treated with anti-mitotic drugs. When the mitotic checkpoint activity is eventually lost, cells will exit mitosis and become aneuploid. While many of the aneuploid cells may die because of massive chromosome imbalance, survivors that continue to proliferate will no doubt be selected. This is clearly an undesirable outcome, thus efforts to obtain fundamental insights into why some cells that arrest in mitosis die without exiting mitosis will be exceedingly important in enhancing our understanding of the drug sensitivity of cancer cells.

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Acknowledgments

Dr Sudakin is an employee of GlaxoSmithKline, which is developing some of the anti-mitotic compounds discussed in this article. Dr Yen is supported by the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants (no. CA099423, CA06927, and CA75138), and an appropriation from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Dr Yen has no conflicts of interest to declare that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

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  1. Department of Oncology Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA

    Valery Sudakin

  2. Institute of Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19111-2497, USA

    Timothy J. Yen

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Sudakin, V., Yen, T.J. Targeting Mitosis for Anti-Cancer Therapy. BioDrugs 21, 225–233 (2007). https://doi.org/10.2165/00063030-200721040-00003

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