Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fracture and flexural assessment of red mud in epoxy polymer mortars

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Materials and Structures Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Waste reuse has become increasingly important in construction, especially when it deals with the reduction on the consumption of natural materials and use of waste from other industries. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the use of red mud waste, alumina metallurgical residue, as natural aggregate substitute in epoxy polymer mortars. Various weight fractions of sand 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 % are replaced by the same weight of red mud waste. Fracture and flexural properties of the obtained composites were measured and calculated. A significant improvement of their post-peak flexural behavior in specimens up to 30 % of red mud content is observed. The main results of this study demonstrate an alternative to reuse red mud waste contributing to the environment preservation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Alumina Technology Roadmap International aluminium institute Bauxite and alumina Committee 2010 Update (2011) International Aluminium Institute http://www.world-aluminium.org

  2. Habashi F (1995) Bayer’s process for alumina production: a historical perspective. Bull Hist Chem 17(18):15–19

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hind RA, Bhargava SK, Grocott SC (1999) The surface chemistry of Bayer process solids: a review. Colloid Surf A 146:359–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. WAO—World Aluminium Organization. http://www.world-aluminium.org/environment/challeges/residue.html. Accessed Jan 2014

  5. Tan R, Khoo HH (2005) An LCA study of a primary aluminum supply chain. J Clean Prod 13:617–618

    Google Scholar 

  6. Silva Filho EB, Alves MC, da Motta M (2007) Lama Vermelha da Indústria de Beneficiamento de Alumina: produção, características, disposição e aplicações alternativas. Rev Matér 12:322–338

    Google Scholar 

  7. McConchie D, Clark M, Davies-McConchie F (2002) New strategies for the management of bauxite refinery residues (red mud). In: Proceedings of the 6th international alumina quality workshop, vol 1. Brisbane, Australia, pp 327–332

  8. EPA—Environmental Protecy Agency, Electronic code of federal regulations. Title 40, Part 261, Sect 4 (b) (7) (ii) (c), http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=4da46c2faa13948c8cdced68ab0457a8;rgn=div5;view=text;node=40%3A25.0.1.1.2;idno=40;cc=ecfr#40:25.0.1.1.2.1.1.4. Accessed em Feb de 2014

  9. Collazo A, Fernández D, Izquirdo M, Nóvoa XR, Perez C (2005) Evaluation of red mud as surface treatment for carbon steel painting. Prog Org Coat 52:351–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Yao Y, Li Y, Liu X, Jiang S, Feng C, Rafanan E (2013) Characterization on a cementitious material composed of red mud and coal industry byproducts. Constr Build Mater 47:496–501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Manfroi EP, Cheriaf M, Rocha JC (2014) Microstructure, mineralogy and environmental evaluation of cementitious composites produced with red mud waste. Constr Build Mater 67:29–36

  12. Rossi CRC, Ramos MA, Negrão AM, Oliveira DRC (2008) Experimental study of the physical and mechanical properties of red mud aggregates for Civil Construction. In: Proceedings of the 50th Congresso Brasileiro do Concreto

  13. Senff L, Hotza D, Labrincha JA (2011) Effect of red mud addition on the rheological behaviour and on hardened state characteristics of cement mortars. Constr Build Mater 25:163–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Yang J, Xiao B (2008) Development of unsintered construction materials from red mud wastes produced in the sintering alumina process. Constr Build Mater 22:2299–2307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kumar A, Kumar S (2013) Development of paving blocks from synergistic use of red mud and fly ash using geopolymerization. Constr Build Mater 38:865–871

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dass A, Malhotra SK (1990) Lime-stabilized red mud bricks. Mater Struct 23:252–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Rathod RR, Suryawanshi NT, Memade PD (2013) Evaluation of the properties of red mud concrete. IOSR J Mech Civil Eng 2:31–34

    Google Scholar 

  18. Brunori C, Cremisini C, Massanisso P (2005) Reuse of a treated red mud bauxite waste: studies on environmental compatibility. J Hazard Mater 117:55–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Reis JML (2009) Effect of textile waste on the mechanical properties of polymer concrete. Mater Res 12:63–67

    Google Scholar 

  20. Pradhan J, Das SN, Das J, Rao SB, Thakur RS (1996) Characterization of Indian red muds and recovery of their metal values. Light Met. 1996:87–92

    Google Scholar 

  21. Macêdo AN, Costa DHP, Trindade SRS, Souza JAS, Carneiro RJFM (2011) Performance of structural ceramic blocks produced from red mud and clay mixture. Ambiente Construído 11:25–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. ASTM D422-63 (2007) Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils

  23. ASTM E1131-08 (2008) Standard test method for compositional analysis by thermogravimetry

  24. Antunes MLP, Santos HS (2003) Thermal transformation of synthetic bayerite and nordstrandite as studied by electron-optical methods. 2001—a clay. Odyssey 2003:387–394

    Google Scholar 

  25. RILEM PC-2 (1995) Method of making polymer concrete and mortar specimens. Technical Committee TC-113 test methods for concrete-polymer composites (CPT), International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures

  26. RILEM TC89-FMT (1991) Fracture mechanics of concrete test methods. Mater Struct 23:457–460

    Google Scholar 

  27. RILEM 50-FMC (1985) Determination of fracture energy of mortar and concrete by means of three-point bend test on notched beams. Mater Struct 18:285–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. RILEM PCM-8 (1995) Method of test for flexural strength and deflection of polymer-modified mortar. Technical Committee TC-113 ‘test methods for concrete-polymer composites (CPT). International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures

  29. ASTM C 348-02 (2002) Standard test method for flexural strength and modulus of hydraulic cement mortars. ASTM, West Conshohocken

  30. Zhang Y, Zhang A, Zhichao Z, Lv Fengzhu, Chu PK, Junhui J (2011) Red mud/polypropylene composite with mechanical and thermal properties. J Comp Mater 45:2811–2816

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Research Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) and The Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for supporting part of the work presented here.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Laboratory (LMTA), Mechanical Engineering Post Graduate Program (PGMEC), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rua Passo da Pátria, 156 Bl. E sala 216, Niterói, RJ, Brazil

    J. M. L. Reis

Authors
  1. J. M. L. Reis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. M. L. Reis.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Reis, J.M.L. Fracture and flexural assessment of red mud in epoxy polymer mortars. Mater Struct 48, 3929–3936 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0453-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0453-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation