Background

Primary tracheal tumours are rare with an estimated incidence of about 2.7 new cases per million per year and are usually malignant in adults [1]. Lobular Capillary Haemangioma (LCH; pyogenic granuloma) is a benign tumour with a distinctive lobular arrangement of capillaries [2]. The usual sites for this tumour are the skin and the nasopharyngeal and oral mucosal surfaces. A tracheal origin for this tumour is, however, exceedingly rare, with the literature limited to only a few case reports [3, 4]. Hence, little is known about the presentation, behaviour, and management of tracheal LCH. This tumour is hormone responsive and consequently has a relatively higher incidence, recurrence, and growth rate during pregnancy [5]. However, a tracheal origin for LCH has not been reported in this patient population so far. Also, none of the case reports have clearly revealed the recurrent nature and rate of growth of tracheal LCH. We present the case of a 23-year-old pregnant woman with asthma who presented with tracheal LCH masquerading as acute asthma, posing both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

Case presentation

A 32 weeks pregnant, 23-year-old known asthmatic woman presented to a peripheral hospital with acute respiratory failure during winter. Cold air was a known precipitant for her asthma. She was intubated and ventilated for presumed severe acute asthma with refractory bronchospasm. Following intubation she was found to be extremely difficult to ventilate and was retrieved to our intensive care unit for further management.

She had widespread, faint, prolonged monophonic wheeze on auscultation with no evidence of pneumothorax. Mechanical ventilation in volume control mode was commenced with an inspired oxygen fraction of 1.0, external Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) 0 cmH2O, respiratory rate six breaths per minute, a tidal volume of 300 ml, and inspiratory flow rate of 30 L/min. However, high peak airway pressures truncated each breath. Intrinsic PEEP was measured as 30 cmH2O, with evidence of dynamic hyperinflation and accompanying hemodynamic instability despite inspiratory to expiratory ratio of close to 1:16. An arterial blood gas sample revealed severe respiratory acidosis (pH of 6.92, PaO2 116 mmHg, and PaCO2 143 mmHg). There was evidence of foetal distress on Cardiotocograph (CTG). Bronchoscopy demonstrated a pedunculated tumour arising from the posterior tracheal wall, extending from the tip of the Endotracheal Tube (ET) and measuring approximately 4 cm by 2 cm. The tumour acted as a ball valve to cause severe expiratory airflow obstruction (Figure 1; Additional file 1: Video 1). The bronchoscope was advanced beyond the lesion and the ET advanced over the bronchoscope to bridge the lesion, resulting in dramatic improvements in lung mechanics and haemodynamics. Urgent Caesarean section was performed due to persistent decelerations on CTG, with birth of a healthy baby. Access to her previous records revealed that she previously presented with haemoptysis at 16 weeks of the current gestation. At this time she had a small polyp (~0.5 cm) in the same tracheal location, which had been excised and diagnosed as LCH.

Figure 1
figure 1

Bronchoscopic view at the edge of endotracheal tube. A highly vascular polypoidal lesion is seen, which causes a ball-valve phenomenon during respiration to generate severe compromise of expiratory airflow (Additional file 1: Video 1).

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Additional file 1: Video 1. Bronchoscopic view at the edge of endotracheal tube. A highly vascular polypoidal lesion is seen, which causes a ball-valve phenomenon during respiration to generate severe compromise of expiratory airflow. (WMV 11 MB)

The following day, tumour debulking was attempted. In view of the high risk of major haemorrhage and hypoxemia, precautionary cannulation for veno-venous Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) was established via a bi-femoral approach. Surgical debulking was complicated by significant haemorrhage causing desaturation (SpO2 < 80%). She was promptly commenced on ECMO with recovery of arterial oxygen saturation and minimal disruption to surgery. A small bolus of heparin (2000 units) was given intravenously just prior to connection of the ECMO circuit, but no further heparin was administered until after surgery. On return to the ICU, a low dose heparin infusion (10 units/kg/hour) was used to maintain ECMO circuit patency. The histopathology revealed recurrent LCH (Figure 2), with intact overlying epithelium (Arrow) and lobular arrangements (*) of proliferating capillaries (horizontal arrow) in an edematous fibro-myxoid stroma, containing extravasated red blood cells (vertical arrow). There was intense staining with CD31 Immunohistochemical staining highlighting proliferating endothelial cells and vascular origin of tumor. Her trachea was subsequently stented and ECMO was discontinued. She made a full recovery.

Figure 2
figure 2

Histopathological features of Lobular capillary hemangioma. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections at (a) x100 Magnification and (b) x400 Magnification, and (c) CD31 Immunohistochemical staining, (Magnification x40).

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Discussion

Obstructing airway lesions are recognised in the differential diagnosis of refractory asthma. Primary tracheal tumours are rare with an estimated incidence of about 2.7 new cases per million per year and are usually malignant in adults [1]. Amongst all tracheal tumours, LCH is exceedingly rare with only few case reports in the literature [3, 4]. The usual sites for this tumour are the skin and the nasopharyngeal and oral mucosae. The cause of tracheal obstruction in this case was found to be a large LCH. To our knowledge, this is the largest case of tracheal LCH reported to date. LCH occurs in patients of all ages with a peak incidence in the second and third decades of life [6]. Mucosal LCH is more common in adult women than in men or children [7].

Microscopically, LCH has a distinctive lobular arrangement of capillaries of varying calibre embedded in a fibromyxoid matrix without atypical mitoses [2]. Conventional granulation tissue is the most important histological differential diagnosis. Since LCH is most commonly found in locations prone to trauma such as skin, gingiva, nail beds, etc., finding ulceration and coexisting chronic inflammation in the stroma is fairly common. When inflammation is marked, the overall features show a close resemblance to granulation tissue, except for the presence of capillary lobules in the deeper dermis at the base of the lesion, lobular arrangements of capillaries instead of radial, and proliferating endothelial cells on immunohistochemical staining (e.g., with anti-CD31 antibodies in this case). The granulomatous appearance is highly variable depending on the location of the tumour and is frequent in cutaneous and mucosal locations, which are more prone to trauma. Besides histology, LCH differs from granulation tissue by its rapid growth, multiple occurrence, and frequent recurrence. The lesion tends to have a pedunculated macroscopic morphology, which along with its large size led to the ball-valve phenomenon and phasic airflow limitation in this case [2]. The pedunculated morphology is seen in most LCH occurring on the skin but only in 30 percent of mucosal LCH, mainly in those involving the oral mucosa [2]. Such a presentation of LCH has not been reported before. The first presentation, however, was with haemoptysis and this is the most typical presentation apart from simple cough that has been reported in the literature.

The pathogenesis of this lesion is currently uncertain. Most theories on pathogenesis revolve around LCH as a hyperplastic, neovascular response to an angiogenic stimulus with imbalance of promoters and inhibitors [8]. Angiogenic growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and decorin, transcription factors (pATF2 and pSTAT3), and signal transduction pathways (MAPK) are overexpressed in LCH, but their exact role is undetermined [9, 10]. There is a reported association between LCH and pregnancy (5% incidence), where it is termed granuloma gravidarum [5]. LCH are known to recur and grow rapidly during pregnancy, presumably due to responsiveness to progesterone, which appears to act via stimulation of angiogenic factors and inhibition of apoptosis [5, 11]. This may explain the recurrent nature of the tumour and the rapidity of growth in the case discussed. Trauma has been reported as a trigger, although only 7 to 23 % of patients with LCH report a previous injury at the site [12]. There was no history of airway instrumentation or foreign body aspiration prior to the bronchoscopy performed earlier in her gestation, when the tumour was already in situ.

The gingival surface is the most common site of LCH during pregnancy, with no cases of tracheal LCH reported during pregnancy to date. None of the case reports have clearly revealed the recurrent nature and rate of growth of tracheal LCH as they were already large, symptomatic, and requiring treatment at the time of diagnosis. The current knowledge about these features of this tumour mainly originates from literature on extra-tracheal sites of LCH, particularly the skin. LCH rarely exceeds 2.5 cm in size and it usually reaches its full size within weeks or months, remaining static thereafter [13]. The LCH occurring in pregnant women usually regress after childbirth over a period of 6 to 18 months. A recurrence rate of 16% has been reported for oral LCH and is believed to result from incomplete excision, failure to remove etiological factors, or re-injury of the area [14]; the inability to remove aetiological factors is probably responsible for the higher recurrence rate observed during pregnancy. The case discussed is the first evidence to suggest that tracheal LCH can have high recurrence rate and rapid growth, justifying surveillance after initial treatment.

The mainstay of treatment, if symptomatic, is surgical debulking or excision using various methods [2–4, 12]. The use of ECMO to facilitate tracheal surgery has previously been reported [15], and this case illustrates the feasibility of low dose heparinisation and bifemoral cannulation, which facilitated the rapid use of ECMO with minimal interruption to surgery. ECMO has not been utilised in the management in the previous case reports of tracheal LCH. ECMO has significant risks and cost implications and is not recommended as routine in every case of tracheal LCH. A few characteristics of this particular case, however, prompted consideration of use of ECMO, such as the large size of the tumour, its highly vascular nature due to the hormonal influence of pregnancy, and its proximity to the carina. Even then, ECMO was planned as a rescue and not as a routine first-line strategy to facilitate surgery.

Conclusion

Here we describe a rare differential of refractory asthma - the largest LCH tumour reported to date, occurring at an exceedingly rare site and with rapid growth during pregnancy, possibly due to hormonal influence. Pulmonary and critical care physicians should be aware of this unique differential of refractory asthma, the association with pregnancy, and the feasibility of using bi-femoral veno-venous ECMO with low-dose heparin for its management.

Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.

Authors’ information

SP and SB have MD in pulmonary medicine and currently hold Australian fellowship in intensive care. Their area of interest includes critical care aspects of pulmonary medicine. UW is a senior consultant in intensive care. He has expertise in the area of ECMO and has been the director of ECMO services at Flinders Medical Centre Intensive care.