Skip to main content
Log in

The Maunder minimum as a secular minimum with non-stopped Sunspot cyclicity

  • Published:
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

One of the most enigmatic features of the solar history is the Maunder minimum (1645–1715). We compare the scatter of amplitudes of the 11-year cycles, according to the new Sunspot Number and Sunspot Group series version 2.0, along with scenario of the Maunder minimum as a period with non-stopped cyclicity. We demonstrate that both amplitude and duration of cycles after the Gleissberg and Maunder minima are similar. Moreover, times of minima and maxima of cycles in the course the Maunder minimum coincide with those during the Gleissberg one, indicating a secular variation. Usefulness of the proxy data within the Maunder minimum is discussed. The scatter of amplitudes and duration of the Schwabe cycles in the past is argued to be comparable with those in the modern epoch.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baumgartner, F.J., Sunspots or Sun’s planets—Jean Tarde and the sunspot controversy of the early 17th century, J. History Astron., 1987, vol. 18, pp. 44–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carrasco, V.M.S., Álvarez, J.V., and Vaquero, J.M., Sunspots during the Maunder minimum from Machina Coelestis by Hevelius, Sol. Phys., 2015, vol. 290, pp. 2719–2732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clette, F., Cliver, E.W., Lefèvre, L., Svalgaard, L., and Vaquero, J.M., Revision of the sunspot number(s), Space Weather, 2015, vol. 13, pp. 529–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clette, F., Svalgaard, L., Vaquero, J.M., and Cliver, E.W., Revisiting the sunspot number. A 400-year perspective on the solar cycle, Space Sci. Rev., 2014, vol. 186, pp. 35–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cliver, E.W., Clette, F., and Svalgaard, L., Recalibrating the sunspot number (SSN): The SSN workshops, Cent. Eur. Astrophys. Bull., 2013, vol. 37, pp. 401–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derham, W., Observations upon the spots that have been upon the sun, from the year 1703 to 1711. With a letter of Mr. Crabtrie, in the year 1640 upon the same subject by the reverend Mr. William Derham, R.S., R. Soc. London: Philos. Trans. Series I, 1710, vol. 27, pp. 270–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, J.A., The Maunder minimum, Science, 1976, vol. 192, pp. 1189–1202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ettmüller, M.E., De maculis in sole visis disseret praeses M. Augustinus Vagetius, (et) respondens Michael Ernestus Ettmüllerus, Wittenbergae: Kreusigius, 1693.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feynman, J. and Ruzmaikin, A., The Sun’s strange behavior: Maunder minimum or Gleissberg cycle? Sol. Phys., 2011, vol. 272, pp. 351–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, E., Murdin, L., and Wilmoth, F., The Correspondence of John Flamsteed, the First Astronomer Royal, vol. 2, Bristol: Taylor and Francis, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gleissberg, W., A secular change in the shape of the spot-frequency curve, Observatory, 1944, vol. 65, pp. 244–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gleissberg, W., Secularly smoothed data on the minima and maxima of sunspot frequency, Sol. Phys., 1967, vol. 2, pp. 231–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gleissberg, W., Damboldt, T., and Schove, D.J., Reflections of the Maunder minimum of sunspots, J. Br. Astron. Assoc., 1979, vol. 89, pp. 440–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Guericke, O. and Schott, K., Ottonis De Guericke Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica De Vacuo Spatio, Amsterdam: Jansson à Waesberge, 1672.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hevelius, J., Cometographia, Totam Naturam Cometarum: Utpote Sedem, Parallaxes, Distantias, Ortum & Interitum, Capitum, Caudarumque diversas facies, affectionesque, Nec Non Motum eorum summe admirandum, … Ac Iconibus aeri incisis plurimis illustrantur. Cumprimis vero, Cometae Anno 1652, 1661, 1664 & 1665 ab ipso Auctore … expenduntur …, Gedani, 1668.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hevelius, J., Machina coelestis. 2, Rerum Uranicarum Observationes, Tam Eclipsium Luminarium, quam Occultationum Planetarum, & Fixarum, Nec non Altitudinum Meridianarum Solarium, Solstitiorum, & Aequinoctiorum; Una cum Reliquorum Planetarum, Fixarumq(ue) omnium hactenus cognitarum, …, Gedani, 1679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hockey, T., Trimble, V., and Williams, T.R., The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, New York: Springer, 2007.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt, D.V. and Schatten, K.H., Group sunspot numbers: a new solar activity reconstruction, Sol. Phys., 1998, vol. 181, pp. 491–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M.J., An address delivered at the annual general meeting of the society, February 13, 1857, on presenting the Gold medal to M. Schwabe, Mem. R. Astron. Soc., 1858, vol. 26, pp. 196–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, H., The history of the Telescope, New York: Dover, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopecky, M. and Kuklin, G.V., One possible explanation of Maunder’s minimum of sunspots, Bull. Astron. Inst. Czech., 1987, vol. 38, pp. 193–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuleshova, A.I., Dergachev, V.A., Kudryavtsev, I.V., Nagovitsyn, Y.A., and Ogurtsov, M.G., Possible influence of climate factors on the reconstruction of the cosmogenic isotope, 14C production rate in the Earth’s atmosphere and solar activity in past epochs, Geomagn. Aeron. (Engl. Transl.), 2015, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 1071–1075.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lassen, K. and Friis-Christensen, E., Variability of the solar cycle length during the past five centuries and the apparent association with terrestrial climate, J. Atm. Terr. Phys., 1995, vol. 57, pp. 835–845.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loysha, V.A., Krakovetsky, Y.K., and Popov, L.N., Aurorae: the Catalogue from IV to XVIII Centuries, Moscow: VINITI, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manfredi, E., De gnomone meridiano Bononiensi ad divi Petronii deque observationibus astronomicis eo instrumento ab ejus constructione ad hoc tempus peractis auctore Eustachio Manfredio, Bononiae: ex typographia Laelii a Vulpe, 1736.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maunder, E.W., The sun and sun-spots, 1820–1920, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 1922, vol. 82, pp. 534–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagovitsyn, Y.A., Pevtsov, A.A., and Livingston, W.C., On a possible explanation of the long-term decrease in sunspot field strength, Astrophys. J. Lett., 2012, vol. 758, id L20.

  • Newcomb, S., On the period of the solar spots, Astrophys. J., 1901, vol. 13, pp. 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neuhaüser, R. and Neuhaüser, D.L., Sunspot numbers based on historic records in the 1610s: Early telescopic observations by Simon Marius and others, Astronomische Nachrichten, 2016, vol. 337, pp. 581–620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obridko, V.N. and Badalyan, O.G., Cyclic and secular variations sunspot groups with various scales, Astron. Rep., 2014, vol. 58, pp. 936–944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogurtsov, M.G., Instrumental data on the sunspot formation in the 17th–18th centuries: Correct information or approximations, Geomagn. Aeron. (Engl. Transl.), 2013, vol. 53, pp. 663–671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribes, J.C. and Nesme-Ribes, E., The solar sunspot cycle in the Maunder minimum AD1645 to AD1715, Astron. Astrophys., 1993, vol. 276, pp. 549–563.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schove, D.J., The sunspot cycle, 649 B.C. to A.D. 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 1955, vol. 60, pp. 127–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schove, D.J., Sunspot turning-points and aurorae since A.D. 1510, Sol. Phys., 1979, vol. 63, pp. 423–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schröder, W., Case Studies on the Spörer, Maunder and Dalton Minima, Potsdam: AKGGP, Science Edition, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svalgaard, L., Solar activity—past, present, future, J. Space Weather Space Clim., 2013, vol. 3, id A24.

  • Svalgaard, L., Cagnotti, M., and Cortesi, S., The effect of sunspot weighting, 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1507.01119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svalgaard, L. and Schatten, K.H., Reconstruction of the sunspot group number: The backbone method, 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.00755.

    Google Scholar 

  • Usoskin, I.G., Solanki, S.K., Schüssler, M., Mursula, K., and Alanko, K., Millennium-scale sunspot number reconstruction: Evidence for an unusually active Sun since the 1940s, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2003, vol. 91, id 211101

  • Usoskin, I.G., Arlt, R., Asvestari, E., Hawkins, E., Käpylä, M., et al. The Maunder minimum (1645–1715) was indeed a grand minimum: A reassessment of multiple datasets, Astron. Astrophys., 2015a, vol. 581, id A95, 2015.

  • Usoskin, I.G., Kovaltsov, G.A., Lockwood, M., Mursula, K., Owens, M., and Solanki, S.K., A New calibrated sunspot group series since 1749: Statistics of active day fractions, 2015b. http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.06421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaquero, J.M., Gallego, M.C., Usoskin, I.G., and Kovaltsov, G.A., Revisited sunspot data: A new scenario for the onset of the Maunder minimum, Astrophys. J., 2011, vol. 731, id L24.

  • Vaquero, J.M., Kovaltsov, G.A., Usoskin, I.G., Carrasco, V.M.S., and Gallego, M.C., Level and length of cyclic solar activity during the Maunder minimum as deduced from the active-day statistics, Astron. Astrophys., 2015, vol. 577, id A71.

  • Vitinskij, Y.I., Kopetskij, M., and Kuklin, G.V., Statistics of the Spot-Forming Activity of the Sun, Moscow: Nauka, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, J.E. and Weiss, N.O., Andrew Marvell and the Maunder minimum, Quart. J. R. Astron. Soc., 1979, vol. 20, pp. 115–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittmann, A., The sunspot cycle before the Maunder minimum, Astron. Astrophys., 1978, vol. 66, pp. 93–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, C., Histoire de l’Observatoire de Paris de sa fondation à 1793, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1902.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, R., Astronomische Mitteilungen über die Sonnenflecken I bis X, Zürich: Eidgenössische Sternwarte, 1856.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zolotova, N.V. and Ponyavin, D.I., The Maunder minimum is not as Grand as it seemed to be, Astrophys. J., 2015a, vol. 800, id 42.

  • Zolotova, N.V. and Ponyavin, D.I., The Maunder minimum: Revision, in Proceedings of the Pulkovo Conference “Solar and Solar–Terrestrial Physics-2015”, 2015b, pp. 157–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zolotova, N.V., and Ponyavin, D.I., How deep was the Maunder minimum? Sol. Phys., 2016. doi 10.1007/s11207-016-0908-z

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. I. Ponyavin.

Additional information

The article is published in the original.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zolotova, N.V., Ponyavin, D.I. The Maunder minimum as a secular minimum with non-stopped Sunspot cyclicity. Geomagn. Aeron. 56, 987–992 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793216080260

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793216080260

Navigation