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Proton cycles through membranes in bacteria: Relationship between proton passive and active fluxes and their dependence on some external physico-chemical factors under fermentation

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Abstract

This paper represents H+ circles through the bacterial membranes, their peculiarities and relationship with ATP synthesis or hydrolysis, utilization or accumulation of energy are considered. Data on passive and active proton (H+) fluxes through the bacterial membranes are analyzed and their relationship with membrane H+ conductance \(\left( {G_m^{H^ + } } \right)\) and permeability for H+ \(\left( {P_{H^ + } } \right)\) is discussed. Methods for determination of bacterial membrane \(G_m^{H^ + }\) are presented and some difficulties in obtaining and interpreting data are pointed out. Different ways and mechanisms of passive and active H+ fluxes, including a role of membrane lipids in H+ transfer, importance of phase transitions in lipid bilayers, operation of protonophores as well as H+ translocation via the F0 factor of the F0F1-ATPase, are discussed. Dependence of \(G_m^{H^ + }\) for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus hirae, Streptococcus lactis and other bacteria on some external physico-chemical growth factors, particularly, on pH and oxidation reduction potential as well as influence of osmotic stress on \(G_m^{H^ + }\) and H+ active fluxes through the bacterial membrane under fermentation have been shown. The relationship between \(G_m^{H^ + }\), \(P_{H^ + }\) and active H+ fluxes through a membrane is proposed, possible mechanisms of relationship between their alterations depending on pH and oxidation reduction potential are discussed. The results are important for understanding the structural and functional properties of bacterial membranes determining H+ cycles operation and mechanisms of H+ fluxes essential in adaptation of bacteria to altered environment conditions.

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  1. Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia

    K. Akopyan & A. Trchounian

  2. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden

    K. Akopyan

  3. Department of Microbiology and Microbes and Plants Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia

    A. Trchounian

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Original Russian Text © K. Akopyan, A. Trchounian, 2013, published in Biofizika, 2013, Vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 796–812.

Editor’s Note: This is the closest possible equivalent of the ‘original’ publication with all its practical details, statements and terminology, phrasing and style, painstakingly prepared so that an enduring reader can make sound judgment; English title and Abstract provided by authors. A.G.

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Akopyan, K., Trchounian, A. Proton cycles through membranes in bacteria: Relationship between proton passive and active fluxes and their dependence on some external physico-chemical factors under fermentation. BIOPHYSICS 58, 624–639 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006350913050023

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