Skip to main content
Log in

Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis: Polysomnographic and clinical findings

Polysomnographische und klinische Befunde bei Personen mit wiederkehrender isolierter Schlaflähmung

  • Published:
Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Question of the study

Sleep paralysis is one of the typical symptoms of narcolepsy, found in about 25% of narcoleptic patients. It also represents a separate sleep disorder classified as a REM sleep-related parasomnia. We compared clinical and electrophysiological data of patients with recurrent isolated sleep paralysis (RISP) with those of narcoleptic patients and healthy control subjects.

patients and methods

Structured interview data, polygraphic sleep recording, Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR2(15) typing were compared in sex- and age-matched patients with RISP (n=10, mean age: 48.2 years, 4 males/6 females), narcolepsy (NAR, n=10, mean age: 51.5 years, 4 males/6 females) and healthy controls (CON, n=10, mean age: 51.5 years, 5 males/5 females).

Results

Night sleep latencies were prolonged in RISP (mean: 40.6±25.3 min; NAR: 19.5±8.8 min; CON: 19.2±15.6 min). No sleep onset REM (SOREM) episodes (latency <20 min) were observed in RISP patients, and short (<50 min) REM sleep latencies were rare. In some cases REM sleep episodes were fragmented or abbreviated. The distribution of REM latencies was largely inconspicuous. The distribution of NREM sleep stages was normal. In the MSLT, latencies for sleep stages 1 and 2 were longer in RISP than in narcoleptic patients, and while SOREM phases were abundant in narcoleptic patients, such events were extremely rare in RISP patients. Daytime sleepiness, assessed by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), did not differ between RISP (median: 9) and CON (median: 6.5) but was significantly increased in NAR (median: 20.5). HLA typing showed that seven out of 10 RISP patients were HLA DR2(15) negative. None of the patients with RISP had ever experienced cataplectic attacks.

Conclusions

RISP and NAR patients differ in critical HLA alleles and in key sleep variables such as sleep latency and REM latency. According to our findings, SOREM episodes are not a typical feature of RISP. In contrast to other studies, RISP patients do not show excessive daytime sleepiness compared with healthy controls.

Zusammenfassung

Fragestellung

Die Schlaflähmung ist ein typisches Symptom der Narkolepsie und findet sich bei etwa 25% der narkoleptischen Patienten. Sie stellt aber auch eine eigenständige Schlafstörung dar, die als REM-Schlaf bezogene Parasomnie klassifiziert wird. Wir verglichen klinische und elektrophysiologische Daten von Patienten mit wiederkehrender isolierter Schlaflähmung (RISP) mit denen narkoleptischer Patienten und gesunder Kontrollpersonen.

Patienten und Methodik

Die Ergebnisse eines strukturierten Interviews, Fragebogendaten, polysomnographische Aufzeichnungen, Multipler Schlaflatenz-Test (MSLT) und HLA DR2(15) Befunde wurden verglichen für nach Alter und Geschlecht angepassten Patienten mit RISP (n=10; mittleres Alter 48,2 Jahre; 4 Männer, 6 Frauen), Narkolepsie (NAR, n=10; mittleres Alter 51,5 Jahre; 4 Männer, 6 Frauen) und gesunde Kontrollen (CON, n=10; mittleres Alter 51,5 Jahre; 5 Männer, 5 Frauen).

Ergebnisse

Die nächtlichen Schlaflatenzen waren für RISP verlängert (Durchschnittswerte: RISP 40,6±25,3 Minuten; NAR 19.5±8,8 Minuten: CON 19,2±15,6 Min). Die Verteilung der REM-Latenzen war weitgehend unauffällig. Bei RISP wurden keine Einschlaf-REM-Episoden (Latenz <20 Minuten) beobachtet und kurze (<50 Minuten) REM-Latenzen waren selten. In einigen Fällen waren REM-Schlaf-Episoden fragmentiert oder verkürzt. Die Verteilung der NREM-Schlafstadient war normal. Im MSLT waren die Schlaflatenzen für die Stadien 1 und 2 bei RISP länger als bei narkoleptischen Patienten, und während Einschlaf-REM-Episoden bei narkoleptischen Patienten sehr häufig auftraten, waren solche Ereignisse bei Patienten mit RISP ausgesprochen selten. Tagesschläfrigkeit, gemessen mit der Epworth Schläfrigkeitsskala (ESS), unterschied sich nicht zwischen RISP (Median 9 Punkte) und CON (median 6,5 Punkte), war bei NAR allerdings signifikant erhöht (Median 20,5 Punkte). Bei der HLA-Typisierung waren 7 von 10 Patienten mit RISP DR 2(15) negativ.

Schlussfolgerungen

Patienten mit RISP und Narkolepsie unterscheiden sich in kritischen HLA-Allelen und in Schlüsselvariablen des Schlafs wie Schlaflatenz und REM-Latenz. Nach den Ergebnissen unserer Untersuchungen sind Einschlaf-REM-Episoden für RISP kein typisches Merkmal. Entgegen anderer Studien zeigen RISP-Patienten keine erhöhte Tagschlafneigung im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Aldrich MS: Narcolepsy. New Engl J Med: 323, 389–394, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bell CC, Shakoor B, Thompson B, Dew D, et al.: Prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects. J Natl Med Assoc 81: 805–808, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Buzzi G, Cirignotta F: Isolated sleep paralysis: a Web survey. Sleep Res Online 3: 61–66, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Cheyne JA: Situational factors affecting sleep paralysis and associated hallucinations: position and timing effects. J Sleep Res 11: 169–177, 2002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Cheyne JA, Newby-Clark IR, Rueffer SD: Relations among hypnagogic and hypnopompic experiences associated with sleep paralysis. J Sleep Res 8: 313–317, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Dahlitz M, Parkes JD: Sleep paralysis. Lancet 341: 406–407, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Dahmen N, Kasten M, Mueller MJ, Mittag K: Frequency and dependence on body posture of hallucinations and sleep paralysis in a community sample. J Sleep Res 11: 179–180, 2002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Everett HC: Sleep paralysis in medical students. J Nerv Ment Dis 3: 283–287, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Folkard S, Condon R, Herbert M: Night shift paralysis. Experientia 40: 510–512, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Fukuda K: Sleep paralysis and sleep on set REM period in normal individuals. In: Ogilvie, RD and Harsh, JR (eds): Sleep onset mechanisms: normal and abnormal processes. American Psychological Association, Washington DC, pp. 161–181, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Fukuda K, Miyasita A, Inugami M, Ishihara K: High prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis: Kanashibari phenomenon in Japan. Sleep 10: 279–286, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Geisler P, Crönlein T, Tracik F, Zulley J: The MSLT-30: an ‘easy-to-use’ variant of the MSLT with improved diagnostic value. J Sleep Res 7: 100, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hishikawa Y, Shimizu T: Physiology of REM sleep, cataplexy, and sleep paralysis. Adv Neurol 67: 245–271, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. [ICSD]. International classification of sleep disorders, revised: Diagnostic and coding manual. American Sleep Disorders Association, Rochester, MN, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Johns MW: A new method for measuring daytime sleepines: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep 14: 540–545, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kleßmann E: Die Mendelssohns. Bilder aus einer deutschen Familie [The Mendelssohns. Pictures from a German Family]. Insel, Frankfurt/Main, pp. 41–42, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Neely S, Rosenberg R, Spire JP, Antel J et al.: HLA antigens in narcolepsy. Neurology 37: 1858–1860, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ness RC: The old hag phenomenon as sleep paralysis: a biocultural interpretation. Culture Med Psych 2: 15–39, 1978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ohaeri JU, Odejide AO, Ikuesan BA, Adeyemi JD: The patterns of isolated sleep paralysis among nigerian medical students. J. Natl Med Assoc 81: 808–810, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ohaeri JU, Odejide AO, Ikuesan BA, Adeyemi JD: The patterns of isolated sleep paralysis among Nigerian nursing students. J. Natl Med Assoc 84: 67–70, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Ohayon MM, Zulley J, Guilleminault C, Smirne S: Prevalence and pathologic associations of sleep paralysis in the general population. Neurology 52: 1194, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Paradis CM, Friedmann S, Hatch M: Isolated sleep paralysis in African Americans with panic disorders. Cult Divers Ment Health 3: 69–76, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Penn NE, Kripke DF, Scharff J: Sleep paralysis among medical students. J Psychol 107: 247–252, 1981.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Rechtschaffen A, Kales A: A manual of standardized terminology, technique and scoring system for sleep stages of human subject. Brain Information Service. National Institutes of Health, 1968.

  25. Snyder S: Isolated sleep paralysis after rapid time zone change (jet lag) syndrome. Chronobiologia 10: 377–379, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Takeuchi T, Fukada K, Saski Y, Inugami M, Murphy TI: Factors related to the occurrence of isolated sleep paralysis elicited during a multi-phasic sleep-wake schedule. Sleep 125: 89–96, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Takeuchi T, Miyasita A, Sasaki Y, Inugami M, Fukuda K: Isolated sleep paralysis elicited by sleep interruption. Sleep 15: 217–225, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Waller JA: A treatise on the incubus, or nightmare, disturbed sleep, terrific dreams, and noctumal visions: with the means of removing these distressing complaints. Cox, London, 1816. [Johann Waller: Abhandlung von dem Alpdrücken, dem gestörten Schlafe, erschreckenden Träumen und nächtlichen Erscheinungen. Nebst der Heilart dieser Zufälle. German edition and translation by Elias Wolf. Philipp Heinrich Guilhaum. Frankfurt/Main, 1820].

    Google Scholar 

  29. Wing YK, Chiu H, Leung T, Ng J: Sleep paralysis in the elderly. J Sleep Res 8: 151–155, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Wing YK, Lee ST, Chen CN: Sleep paralysis in Chinese: ghost oppression phenomenon in Hong Kong Sleep 17: 609–613, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Yoss RE, Daly DD: Criteria for the diagnosis of the narcoleptic syndrome. Proc Mayo Clin 32: 320–328, 1957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Björn W. Walther.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Walther, B.W., Schulz, H. Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis: Polysomnographic and clinical findings. Somnologie 8, 53–60 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-054X.2004.00017.x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-054X.2004.00017.x

Keywords

Navigation