Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Survival analysis modeling with hidden censoring

  • Article
  • Published:
Journal of Statistical Theory and Practice Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There are well-established survival analysis methodologies for data sets that are complete, with accurate information on censoring. But what if they are not complete? In this article we consider how to analyze cases where “hidden censoring” occurs, where individuals have effectively left the study but the hospital is unaware of this. We develop a new Markov chain-based methodology for generating survival curves and hazard functions, and demonstrate this using a breast cancer data set from the Kurdistan region of Iraq.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Al Tamimi, D., A. Mohamed, A. Ayesha, K. Ammar, and A. Amal. 2010. Portion expression profile and prevalence pattern of the molecular classes of breast cancer—A Saudi population based study. BioMed Central Cancer 10 (223):1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alwan, N. A., W. Al-Kubaisy, and K. Al-Rawaq. 2000. Assessment of response to tamoxifen among Iraqi patients with advanced breast cancer. East Mediterranean Health Journal 6:475–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, R., and F. Proschan. 1975. Statistical theory of reliability and life testing probability models. Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bedford, T., and R. Cook. 2009. Probabilistic risk analysis foundation and methods. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R., and H. Miller. 1965. The theory of stochastic processes. London, UK: Methuen & Co.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R., and D. Oakes. 1984. Analysis of survival data. London, UK: Chapman and Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowder, M. 2012. Multivariate survival analysis and computing risks. New York, NY: CRC Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Crowder, M., A. Kimber, R. Smith, and T. Sweeting. 1991. Statistical analysis of reliability data. London, UK: Chapman and Hall.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • De Santis, C., J. Ma, L. Bryan, and A. Jemal. 2014. Breast cancer statistics, 2013. CAA Cancer Journal for Clinicians 64:52–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dey, S., A. S. Soliman, A. Hablas, I. A. Seifeldin, K. Ismail, M. Ramadan, H. El-Hamzawy, M. L. Wilson, M. Banerjee, P. Boffetta, J. Harford, and S. D. Merajver. 2010. Urban–rural differences in breast cancer incidence by hormone receptor status across 6 years in Egypt. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 120:149–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimmett, G., and D. Stirzaker. 2001. Probability and random processes, 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Haigh, J. 2002. Probability models. London, UK: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hughson, M. D. 2012. A population-based study of Kurdish breast cancer in northern Iraq: Hormone receptor and HER2 status. A comparison with Arabic women and United States SEER data. BMC Women’s Health 12 (16):1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussaion, A. H., and P. M. Aziz. 2009. The incidence rate of breast cancer in Suleimani Governorate in 2006: Preliminary study. Journal of Zankoy Suleimani 12(1, Part A):59–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lan, N. H., W. Laohasiriwong, and J. Stewart. 2013. Survival probability and prognostic factors for breast cancer patients in Vietnam. Global Health Action, 6:18860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawless, J. F. 2003. Statistical models and methods for lifetime data, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Majid, R. A., H. A. Mohammed, H. M. Saeed, B. M. Safar, R. M. Rashid, and M. D. Hughson. 2009. Breast cancer in Kurdish women of northern Iraq: Incidence, clinical stage, and case control analysis of parity and family risk. BMC Women’s Health 9 (33).

  • Majid, R. A., H. A. Mohammed, H. A. Hassan, W. A. Abdulmahdi, R. M. Rashid, and M. D. Hughson. 2012. A population-based study of Kurdish breast cancer in northern Iraq: Hormone receptor and HER2 status. A comparison with Arabic women and United States SEER data. BMC Women’s Health 12 (16):1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • NHS Choices. 2011. Unhealthy lifestyles linked to UK cancer rates. http://www.nhs.uk/news/2011/01January/Pages/unhealthy-lifestyles-linked-to-UK-cancer-rates.aspx

  • Othman, R. T., R. Abdulljabar, A. Saeed, S. S. Kittani, H. M. Sulaiman, S. A. Mohammed, R. M. Rashid, and Hussein, N. R. 2011. Cancer incidence rates in the Kurdistan region/Iraq from 2007–2009. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 12 (5):1261–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozmen, V. 2006. Screening and registering programs for breast cancer in Turkey and in the world. Journal of Breast Health 2 (2):55–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rennert, G. 2006. Breast cancer. In Cancer incidence in the four member countries (Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, and Jordan) of the Middle-East Cancer Consortium (MECC) compared with US SEER, Ed. L. S. Friedman, B. K. Edwards, L. A. G. Reiss, J. L. Young, 73–81. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, NIH Pub No. 06-5873.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ries, L. A. G., D. Melbert, M. Krapcho, A. Mariotto, B. A. Miller, E. J. Feuer, L. Clegg, M. J. Horner, N. Howlader, M. P. Eisner, M. Reichman, and B. K. Edwards. eds. 2007. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2004. National Cancer Institute.

  • Robb, C., W. E. Haley, L. Balducci, M. Extermann, E. A. Perkins, B. J. Small, and J. Mortimer. 2007. Impact of breast cancer survivorship on quality of life in older women. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 62 (1):84–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudat, V., B. Nuha, T. Saleh, and A. Mousa. 2013. Body mass index and breast cancer risk: A retrospective multi-institutional analysis in Saudi Arabia. Advances in Breast Cancer Research 2:7–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmoor, C., M. Olschewski, and S. Martin. 1996. Randomized and non-randomized patients in clinical trials: Experiences with comprehensive cohort studies. Statistics in Medicine 15:263–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, M., G. Bastert, H. Bojar, K. Hubner, M. Olschewski, W. Sauerbrei, C. Schmoor, C. Beyerle, R. L. A. Neumann, and H. F. Rauschecker. 1994. Randomized 2 × 2 trial evaluating hormonal treatment and the duration of chemotherapy in node-positive breast cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology 12 (10):2086–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shabila, N., G. Namir, N. Al-Tawil, S. Tariq, T. Al-Hadithi, S. Egbert, and V. Kelsey. 2012. Iraqi primary care system in Kurdistan region: Providers perspectives on problems and opportunities for improvement. BioMed Central Womens Health 12 (21):1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sughayer, M. A., M. A. Maha, M. Suleiman, and A. Mahmoud. 2006. Prevalence of hormone receptors and HER2/neu in breast cancer cases in Jordan. Pathology Oncology Research 12 (2):83–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. 2008. The global burden of disease: 2004 Update. www.who.int/evidence/bod.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mathematics, City University London, EC1V 0HB, Northampton Square, London, UK

    Mahdi Saber Raza & Mark Broom

Authors
  1. Mahdi Saber Raza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mark Broom
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark Broom.

Additional information

Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/ujsp.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Raza, M.S., Broom, M. Survival analysis modeling with hidden censoring. J Stat Theory Pract 10, 375–388 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/15598608.2016.1152205

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15598608.2016.1152205

Keywords

AMS Subject Classification

Search

Navigation