Abstract
Several chemicals including strobilurins (pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin), triazoles (difenoconazole and tebuconazole), dithiocarbamates (propineb, metiram, ziram and mancozeb) and the phthalimide chlorothalonil were evaluated in three field experiments in north Queensland, Australia, for the control of brown spot (caused by Corynespora cassiicola) and black spot (caused by Asperisporium caricae) of papaya. Chlorothalonil and pyraclostrobin were shown to be more effective than the industry standard, mancozeb, for the control of brown spot. In the black spot experiments, difenoconazole, pyraclostrobin and chlorothalonil used alone or in spray programs were as effective as, or better than, the industry standards, mancozeb and tebuconazole. Plants treated with pyraclostrobin and difenoconazole had more fruit unaffected by black spot (97% and 99% respectively) than plants treated with tebuconazole (51%), mancozeb (20%) and the untreated controls (1%). Laboratory tests also showed that A. caricae was more sensitive to difenoconazole (EC50 of 2 ppm) than tebuconazole (EC50 of 14 ppm). In 2007, off-label permits were obtained for chlorothalonil for control of brown spot and difenoconazole and chlorothalonil for the control of black spot of papaya.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Angeli G, Maines R (1997) Susceptibility of two strains of Amblyseius to dithiocarbamate fungicides. Informatore Fitopatologico 11, 52–56.
Bernard MB, Horne PA, Hoffman AA (2004) Developing an ecotoxicological testing standard for predatory mites in Australia: acute and sublethal effects of fungicides on Euseius victoriensis and Galendromus occidentalis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 97, 891–899. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493(2004)097[0891:DAETSF]2.0. CO;2
Crop Life Australia (2007) Fungicide Resistance Management Strategies. Available at: http://www.croplifeaustralia.org.au [Verified 12 July 2008]
Grice KRE, Peterson RA (2002) Banana fungicide resistance. Final Report HAL FR 99038.
Hewitt HG (1998) ‘Fungicides in crop protection.’ (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)
Infopest (2003) ‘Infopest — pest management information system.’ (CD-ROM) (Department of Primary Industries: Brisbane)
Molina AB Jr, Salas JA (1989) Evaluation of sensitivity of Mycosphaerella fijiensis to propiconazole. In ‘Proceedings of the Sigatoka leaf spot workshop in San Jose, Costa Rica’. (Eds RA Fullerton, RH Stover) pp. 90–99. (INIBAP: Montpellier, France)
Peterson RA, Grice KRE (1996) Papaw disease management. Final Report HRDC FR 321.
Peterson RA, Coates LM, Persley DM (1993) ‘Diseases of fruit crops.’ Information Series QI 92023. (Department of Primary Industries: Brisbane)
Stover RH (1971) A proposed international scale for estimating intensity of banana leaf spot (Mycosphaerella musicola Leach). Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 48, 185–196.
Stover RH, Dickson JD (1970) Leaf spot of banana caused by Mycosphaerella musicola: methods of measuring spotting prevalence and severity. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 47, 289–302.
Willingham SL, Pegg KG, Langdon PWB, Cooke AW, Peasley D, McLennan R (2002) Combinations of strobilurin fungicides and acibenzolar (Bion) to reduce scab on passionfruit caused by Cladosporium oxysporum. Australasian Plant Pathology 31, 333–336. doi: 10.1071/AP02036
Ypema HL, Gold RE (1999) Kresoxim-methyl, modification of a naturally occurring compound to produce a new fungicide. Plant Disease 83, 4–19. doi: 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.1.4
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vawdrey, L.L., Grice, K.R.E. & Westerhuis, D. Field and laboratory evaluations of fungicides for the control of brown spot (Corynespora cassiicola) and black spot (Asperisporium caricae) of papaya in far north Queensland, Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 37, 552–558 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1071/AP08055
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/AP08055