The increasing popularity of electric vehicles as an alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles brings new realities, challenges and opportunities for scientists and engineers. A key element of this transition will be to develop solutions for lubrication, thermal management, electrical compatibility and corrosion inhibition. Two-dimensional materials are well poised to address these challenges and enhance the performance, efficiency, durability and, hence, sustainability of electric vehicles during this century and beyond.
References
Holmberg, K. & Erdemir, A. The impact of tribology on energy use and CO2 emission globally and in combustion engine and electric cars. Tribol. Int. 135, 389–396 (2019).
Farfan-Cabrera, L. I. Tribology of electric vehicles: a review of critical components, current state and future improvement trends. Tribol. Int. 138, 473–486 (2019).
He, F., Xie, G. & Luo, J. Electrical bearing failures in electric vehicles. Friction 8, 4–28 (2020).
Marian, M., Berman, D., Rota, A., Jackson, R. L. & Rosenkranz, A. Layered 2D nanomaterials to tailor friction and wear in machine elements—a review. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 9, 2101622 (2022).
Ayyagari, A., Alam, K. I., Berman, D. & Erdemir, A. Progress in superlubricity across different media and material systems — a review. Front. Mech. Eng. 8, 908497 (2022).
Avouris, P., Heinz, T. F. & Low, T. (eds) 2D Materials (Cambridge University Press, 2017).
Jiang, H., Zheng, L., Liu, Z. & Wang, X. Two-dimensional materials: from mechanical properties to flexible mechanical sensors. InfoMat 2, 1077–1094 (2020).
Mas-Ballesté, R., Gómez-Navarro, C., Gómez-Herrero, J. & Zamora, F. 2D materials: to graphene and beyond. Nanoscale 3, 20–30 (2011).
Aguilar-Rosas, O. A. et al. Enhancement of low-viscosity synthetic oil using graphene nanoparticles as additives for enduring electrified tribological environments. Tribol. Int. 188, 108848 (2023).
Farfan-Cabrera, L. I., Cao-Romero-Gallegos, J. A., Lee, S., Komurlu, M. U. & Erdemir, A. Tribological behavior of H-DLC and H-free DLC coatings on bearing materials under the influence of DC electric current discharges. Wear 522, 204709 (2023).
Acknowledgements
D.B. acknowledges the support by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (Award No. 2323452). L.I.F.-C. acknowledges the financial support given by Tecnologico de Monterrey within the Challenge-based research project IJST070-23EG68001 (call 2023). A.R. gratefully acknowledges the financial support of ANID-Chile within the projects Fondecyt Regular 1220331, Fondequip EQM190057 and the Millennium Science Initiative Program (NCN2023_007). A.E. acknowledges support from the Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station startup funds and the Governor’s University Research Initiative.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Supplementary information
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Berman, D., Farfan-Cabrera, L.I., Rosenkranz, A. et al. 2D materials for durable and sustainable electric vehicles. Nat Rev Mater (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-024-00680-3
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-024-00680-3
- Springer Nature Limited