Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Sam Parsons, Ana Todorovic, Michele C. Lim, Matt Jaquiery, Sarah Ashcroft-Jones, Mirela Zaneva, Tsvetomira Dumbalska & Graham Reid
Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
Flávio Azevedo
Department of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Mahmoud M. Elsherif & Shannon Francis
Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Mahmoud M. Elsherif
Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Samuel Guay
East Midlands School of Anaesthesia, Oxford, UK
Owen N. Shahim
Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
Gisela H. Govaart
Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Gisela H. Govaart
Department of Health Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
Emma Norris
School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Aoife O’Mahony
Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
Adam J. Parker
School of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
Charlotte R. Pennington
Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Elias Garcia-Pelegrin & Benjamin G. Farrar
Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Aleksandra Lazić
Departments of Psychiatry and Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Olly Robertson
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Sara L. Middleton
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Sara L. Middleton
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Beatrice Valentini
Department of English Language and Applied Linguistics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Joanne McCuaig, Asma A. Assaneea, Ashley R. Blake & Magdalena Grose-Hodge
Department of Sport and Recreation Management, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Bradley J. Baker
Mark H. McCormack Department of Sport Management, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
Bradley J. Baker
Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
Elizabeth Collins
Department of Psychology, University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
Adrien A. Fillon
Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Tina B. Lonsdorf
School of Cultures, Languages and Linguistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Norbert Vanek
Experimental Research on Central European Languages Lab, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Norbert Vanek
Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
Marton Kovacs, Zoltan Kekecs, Barnabas Szaszi & Balazs Aczel
Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
Marton Kovacs
Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Timo B. Roettger
School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Sonia Rishi, Valeria Agostini, Madeleine Ingham, Wanyin Li, Catherine Laverty, Connor T. Keating & Christina Pomareda
Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
Jacob F. Miranda
School of Psychology, University of Chester, Chester, UK
Suzanne L. K. Stewart
Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Andrew J. Stewart
Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
Kamil Izydorczak
Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Helena Hartmann & Bettina M. J. Kern
Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Helena Hartmann
Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Yuki Yamada
Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
Martin R. Vasilev
Department of Mathematics, College of Polytechnics Jihlava, Jihlava, Czech Republic
Filip Dechterenko
London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir
Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir
Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Yu-Fang Yang
Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital (fully affiliated with the University of Toronto), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Annalise A. LaPlume
Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
Julia K. Wolska
School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Emma L. Henderson & Marta K. Topor
Arcadia Fund, London, UK
Ross Mounce
Department of Education, ICT and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway
Tamara Kalandadze
Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
Qinyu Xiao, Siu Kit Yeung & Gilad Feldman
Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Robert M. Ross
Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Meng Liu
Open Knowledge Librarian, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
Micah L. Vandegrift
Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Zoltan Kekecs
Research Group Applied Statistical Modeling, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
Myriam A. Baum, Alexander Hart & Kai Krautter
School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Emily A. Williams & Madeleine Pownall
Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
Asma A. Assaneea
Department of Psychology, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
Amélie Bret & Brice Beffara Bret
Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Aidan G. Cashin
School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Aidan G. Cashin
Game AI Group, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
Nick Ballou
Department of Mental health and Social Work, Middlesex University, London, UK
Claire R. Melia
Department of Psychology, Keele University, Keele, UK
Claire R. Melia
Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, VA, USA
Beatrix Arendt
Department of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
Gerald H. Vineyard
School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Jade S. Pickering
Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Jade S. Pickering
School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK
Thomas R. Evans
Department of Psychology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
Eliza A. Woodward
School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
David Moreau
Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Dominique G. Roche
School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Eike M. Rinke
Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES), University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
Eike M. Rinke
Faculty of Health, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
Eduardo Garcia-Garzon
Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies; Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Steven Verheyen
Department of Educational Science, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
Halil E. Kocalar
Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK
Jamie P. Cockcroft & Catia Margarida F. Oliveira
Institute of Psychology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
Leticia Micheli
School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
Zoe M. Flack & Kerry J. Fox
Faculty of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Markus Weinmann
Department of Technology and Operations Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Markus Weinmann
Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
Oscar Lecuona
Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Oscar Lecuona
University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Birgit Schmidt
Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
William X. Ngiam
Erasmus School of Philosophy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Ana Barbosa Mendes
Department of Political Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Brett J. Gall
Psychology of Language Department, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Mariella Paul
School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
James E. Bartlett
School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
Bethan J. Iley
School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
Bethan J. Iley
Leibniz Institute for Psychology (ZPID), Trier, Germany
Lisa Spitzer
Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Christopher J. Graham
Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Tobias Wingen
School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
Jenny Terry & Alaa AlDoh
Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
Ryan A. Millager
Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
Olmo R. van den Akker
Independent researcher, Belfast, UK
Dominik A. Kiersz
Jubail English Language and Preparatory Year Institute, Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
Ali H. Al-Hoorie
S.P., F.A. and M.M.E. share co-first authorship. The order of the author list, with the exception of the first four authors and final author (that is, S.P., F.A., M.M.E., S.G. and B. Aczel), was determined via a random-number generator using R. S.P., F.A. and B. Aczel conceptualized the work. F.A. and S.G. curated data, undertook formal analysis and developed software. S.P. and F.A. performed investigations, developed methodology and administered the project. S.P., F.A., M.M.E., and S.G. performed validations. F.A. and S.G. generated visualizations. S.P., F.A., M.M.E., S.G., M.L.V., M.R.V., J.F.M., B. Arendt, J.T., M. Pownall, T.R.E., B. Szaszi, E.C., T.B.L., A.B.M., W.X.N., T.K., Y.Y., A.O’M., B.J.B., S.F., H.E.K., L.S., E.N., M.J., M. Paul, G.H.G., A.J.P., O.R., O.N.S., C.R.M., E.M.R., S.K.Y., A.B., E. A. Woodward, B.J.G., A.A.F., Q.X., A.G.C., C.L., C.T.K., F.D., R.M., B. Schmidt, B.G.F., M.Z., E.L.H., T.D., B.M.J.K., N.V., K.K., M.A.B., A.A., D.G.R., J.M., R.M.R., A.H., M.W., T.W., C.R.P., O.R.v.d.A., S.L.K.S., L.A.A., J.S.P., C.M.F.O., B.B.B., M.K.T., D.M., R.A.M., G.H.V., H.H., J.P.C., N.B., B.V., E.G.-G., Z.M.F., O.L., N.A.-A., Y.-F.Y., M.I., M.L., J.E.B., G.R., A.J.S., A.L., C.P., S.V., C.J.G., A.H.A.-H. and B. Aczel wrote the original draft. S.P., F.A., M.M.E., S.G., L.M., M.L.V., M.R.V., J.F.M., B. Arendt, M. Pownall, T.R.E., B. Szaszi, T.B.L., W.X.N., T.K., Y.Y., A.O’M., B.J.B., S.F., H.E.K., L.S., E.N., M.J., M. Paul, G.H.G., A.J.P., O.R., O.N.S., C.R.M., E.M.R., S.K.Y., A.B., A.R.B., B.J.G., A.A.F., Q.X., A.G.C., C.T.K., F.D., B. Schmidt, B.G.F., M.Z., E.L.H., T.D., B.M.J.K., G.F., K.K., M.A.B., A.A., D.G.R., J.M., R.M.R., A.H., M.W., T.W., C.R.P., O.R.v.d.A., S.L.K.S., L.A.A., J.S.P., C.M.F.O., B.B.B., M.K.T., D.M., R.A.M., H.H., J.P.C., N.B., E. A. Williams, T.B.R., S.R., B.V., B.J.I., M.K., Z.K., E.G.-G., Z.M.F., O.L., N.A.-A., K.I., Y.-F.Y., M.G.-H., M.I., K.J.F., M.L., V.A., J.E.B., A.A.A., S.A.-J., W.L., G.R., S.L.M., A.J.S., E.G.-P., A.L., C.P., A.T., S.V., M.C.L., C.J.G., J.K.W., A.H.A.-H., D.A.K. and B. Aczel reviewed and edited the manuscript.
