Beneath the fresh and cold surface water in the Arctic Ocean resides more saline and warmer water of Atlantic origin. Pan-Arctic measurements of turbulent mixing suggest that tidal mixing is bringing up substantial amounts of heat in some areas.
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Lique, C. Arctic sea ice heated from below. Nature Geosci 8, 172–173 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2357
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2357
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