Abstract
The efficiency of direct gene transfer to plant protoplasts has been increased more than 1000 fold over that previously reported. On the order of 2 percent of all colonies recovered without selection were transformed. The improvement was due to: treatment of protoplasts with a high voltage electric pulse (electroporation), optimization of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration, addition of PEG after the DNA and the application of a heat shock (5 minutes at 45°C). These factors are of equal importance in achieving high transformation efficiencies.
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Shillito, R., Saul, M., Paszkowski, J. et al. High Efficiency Direct Gene Transfer to Plants. Nat Biotechnol 3, 1099–1103 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1285-1099
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1285-1099
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