In the coming years, patient phenotypes captured to enhance health and wellness will extend to human interactions with digital technology.
References
Dawkins, R. The Extended Phenotype: the Gene as the Unit of Selection. (Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1982).
Brownstein, J.S., Freifeld, C.C. & Madoff, L.C. N. Engl. J. Med. 360, 2153–2155 (2009).
Gunn, J.F. III & Lester, D. J. Affect. Disord. 148, 411–412 (2013).
Wicks, P., Vaughan, T.E., Massagli, M.P. & Heywood, J. Nat. Biotechnol. 29, 411–414 (2011).
Steins, D., Dawes, H., Esser, P. & Collett, J. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 11, 36 (2014).
Acknowledgements
J.S.B and J.B.H are supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute BD2K grant 1U54HG007963-01.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jain, S., Powers, B., Hawkins, J. et al. The digital phenotype. Nat Biotechnol 33, 462–463 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3223
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3223
- Springer Nature America, Inc.
This article is cited by
-
Investigation of daily patterns for smartphone keystroke dynamics based on loneliness and social isolation
Biomedical Engineering Letters (2024)
-
Detecting your depression with your smartphone? – An ethical analysis of epistemic injustice in passive self-tracking apps
Ethics and Information Technology (2024)
-
Prosodic signatures of ASD severity and developmental delay in preschoolers
npj Digital Medicine (2023)
-
Symptom-based stratification algorithm for heterogeneous symptoms of dry eye disease: a feasibility study
Eye (2023)