Skip to main content
Log in

Development of a body condition scoring system for nonhuman primates using Macaca mulatta as a model

  • Resource
  • Published:
Lab Animal

Abstract

The nutritional status of individual monkeys in research projects is an important yet sometimes overlooked variable that complicates the interpretation of research findings. The authors offer a framework for scoring fatness and muscularity in a semiquantitative manner without special equipment and in a way that could easily be accomplished during a routine physical examination. Body condition scoring can be used to assess the health of individual animals as well as determine nutritional adequacy within groups of animals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Burkholder, W.J. Use of body condition scores in clinical assessment of the provision of optimal nutrition. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 217(5), 650–654 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Donoghue, S., Khoo, L., Glickman, L.T. & Kronfeld, D.S. Body condition and diet of relatively healthy older dogs. J. Nutr. 121(11 Suppl), S58–S59 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Foltz, C.J. & Ullman-Cullere, M. Guidelines for assessing the health and condition of mice. Lab Anim. (NY) 28(4), 28–32 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kronfeld, D.S., Donoghue, S. & Glickman, L.T. Body condition and energy intakes of dogs in a referral teaching hospital. J. Nutr. 121(11 Suppl), S157–S158 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kronfeld, D.S., Donoghue, S. & Glickman, L.T. Body condition of cats. J. Nutr. 124(12 Suppl), 2683S–2684S (1994).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Laflamme, D. Development and validation of a body condition score system for cats: a clinical tool. Feline Pract. 25(5/6), 13–18 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Laflamme, D. Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs. Canine Pract. 22(4), 10–15 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Russel, A. Body condition scoring of sheep. In Practice 6(3), 91–93 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Scarlett, J.M. & Donoghue, S. Associations between body condition and disease in cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 212(11), 1725–1731 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Wright, B., Rietveld, G. & Lawlis, P. Body condition scoring of horses. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food Factsheet (1998). http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/livestock/horses/facts/98-101.htm.

  11. Rodenburg, J. Body condition scoring of dairy cattle. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food (1996). http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/livestock/dairy/facts/92-122.htm.

  12. Parker, R. Using body condition scoring in dairy herd management. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food Factsheet (1996). http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/livestock/dairy/facts/94-053.htm

  13. Bercovitch, F.B. et al. A longitudinal study of age-specific reproductive output and body condition among male rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta. Naturwissenschaften 90(7), 309–312 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Colman, R.J., Hudson, J.C., Barden, H.S. & Kemnitz, J.W. A comparison of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and somatometrics for determining body fat in rhesus macaques. Obes. Res. 7(1), 90–96 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Walker, M.L., Schwartz, S.M., Wilson, M.E. & Musey, P.I. Estimation of body fat in female rhesus monkeys. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 63(3), 323–329 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Freeman, L.M. et al. Body-composition changes in the simian immunodeficiency virus-infected juvenile rhesus macaque. J. Infect. Dis. 189(11), 2010–2015 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1996).

  18. National Research Council. Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research (National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2003).

  19. Toth, L.A. & Gardiner, T.W. Food and water restriction protocols: physiological and behavioral considerations. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 39(6), 9–17 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hansen, B.C., & Bodkin, N.L. Primary prevention of diabetes mellitus by prevention of obesity in monkeys. Diabetes 42(12), 1809–1814 (1993).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Gresl, T.A. et al. Dietary restriction and glucose regulation in aging rhesus monkeys: a follow-up report at 8.5 yr. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 281(4), E757–E765 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Karen J. Clingerman MS, DVM.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Clingerman, K., Summers, L. Development of a body condition scoring system for nonhuman primates using Macaca mulatta as a model. Lab Anim 34, 31–36 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/laban0505-31

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/laban0505-31

  • Springer Nature America, Inc.

This article is cited by

Navigation