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Toxicology for the twenty-first century

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The testing of substances for adverse effects on humans and the environment needs a radical overhaul if we are to meet the challenges of ensuring health and safety.

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Figure 1: The consequences of searching for rare hazards using imperfect tests.
Figure 2: Integrated testing strategy for eye and skin toxicity.
Figure 3: Towards a new toxicology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Thomas Hartung is in the Department of Environmental Health Sciences at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, and is Doerenkamp-Zbinden Professor and Chair for Evidence-based Toxicology. He is director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, Maryland, as well as professor of pharmacology and toxicology at University of Konstanz, Germany. thartung@jhsph.edu,

    Thomas Hartung

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Hartung, T. Toxicology for the twenty-first century. Nature 460, 208–212 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/460208a

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