Muscle coordination is mostly governed by motor programs built into the nervous system. But one program — the defecation cycle in a worm — has a mechanism that avoids nerves completely and uses protons as signals.
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Prolo, L., Goodman, M. Keeping it regular with protons. Nature 452, 35–36 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/452035a
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/452035a
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