In paper wasps, facial markings are cheap ‘status badges’ that would seem to be susceptible to cheating. But wasps punish those whose markings lie. Social competition is, it appears, a strong selective force.
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Strassmann, J. Rank crime and punishment. Nature 432, 160–161 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/432160b
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/432160b
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