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The ins and outs of signalling

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The study of how cells communicate impinges on all aspects of biology, from development to disease. At first glance it's a horrendously complicated business, but some simple themes are emerging.

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Figure 1: A generic signalling pathway.
Figure 2: Two ways of looking at one signalling pathway — the Ras pathway — from growth factor to changes in gene expression.
Figure 3: Some common protein-interaction modules used in signalling.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Signal Transduction Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PX, UK

    Julian Downward

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  1. Julian Downward
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Correspondence to Julian Downward.

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Downward, J. The ins and outs of signalling. Nature 411, 759–762 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35081138

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