Abstract
The principles of the numerical modeling of marine impacts of large cosmic bodies are described. Three underwater impact structures, MjØlnir, Lockne, and Eltanin, are considered with the aim of studying the characteristics of the crater formation at varying sea depths; the distinctions between the underwater and continental craters are discussed. The mechanisms for tsunami-wave generation are studied at different ratios of sea depth to impactor size. The calculation results are compared to the experimental data obtained during underwater nuclear explosions.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Adushkin, V.V. and Nemtchinov, I.V., Consequences of Impacts of Cosmic Bodies on the Surface of the Earth, in Hazards due to Comets and Asteroids, Gehrels, T., Ed., Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, 1994, pp. 721-778.
Artem'eva, N.A. and Shuvalov, V.V., Shock Metamorphism at the Oceanic Floor (Numerical Simulations), Deep Sea Research, Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2002, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 959-968.
Dalwigk, I. and Ormo, J., Formation of Resurge Gullies at Impacts at Sea: The Lockne Crater, Sweden, Meteoritics Planet. Sci., 2001, vol. 36, pp. 359-369.
Dines, J. and Walsh, J., Impact Theory: Some General Principles and the Method of Calculation in Eulerian Coordinates, in Vysokoskorostnye udarnye yavleniya (High-Speed Impact Phenomena), Moscow: Mir, 1973, pp. 49-111.
Gault, D.E. and Sonett, Ch.P., Laboratory Simulation of Pelagic Asteroidal Impact: Atmospheric Injection, Benthic Topography, and the Surface Wave Radiation Field, GSA Special Paper, 1982, vol. 190, pp. 69-92.
Gersonde, R., Kyte, F.T., Bleil, U., et al., Geological Record and Reconstruction of the Late Pliocene Impact of the Eltanin Asteroid in the Southern Ocean, Nature, 1997, vol. 390, pp. 357-363.
Gersonde, R. and Kyte, F.T. Exploration of the Eltanin Impact Area (Bellingshausen Sea): Expedition ANT XVIII5a, Meteoritics Planet. Sci., 2001, vol. 36, Suppl., p. A64.
Glasstone, S and Dolan, P.J., The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Washington DC: GPO, 1977.
Hills, J.G., Nemtchinov, I.V., Popov, S.P., and Teterev, A.V., Tsunami Generated by Small Asteroid Impacts, in Hazards due to Comets and Asteroids, Gehrels, T., Ed., Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, 1994, pp. 779-789.
Ivanov, B.A. and Turtle, E.P., Modeling Impact Crater Collapse Acoustic Fluidization Implemented into a Hydrocode (Abstract), Lunar Planet Sci. Conf. XXXII, 2001, Abstract no. 1284.
Kuznetsov, N.M., Termodinamicheskie funktsii i udarnye adiabaty vozdukha pri vysokikh temperaturakh (Thermodynamic Functions and Impact Air Adiabats at High Temperastures), Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1965.
Kyte, F.T., Zhou, Z., and Wasson, J.T., High Noble Metal Concentration in a Late Pliocene Sediment, Nature, 1981, vol. 292, pp. 417-420.
Lundborg, N., Strength of Rocklike Materials, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Mining Sci., 1968, vol. 5, pp. 427-454.
McGlaun, J.M., Thompson, S.L., and Elrick, M.G., CTH: A Three-dimensional Shock Wave Physics Code, Int. J. Impact Engn., 1990, vol. 10, pp. 351-360.
Melosh, H.J., Impact Cratering: A Geologic Process, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989. Translated under the title Obrazovanie udarnykh kraterov: geologicheskii protsess, Moscow: Mir, 1994.
Melosh, H.J. and Ivanov, B.A., Impact Crater Collapse, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 1999, vol. 27, pp. 385-425.
Movshovich, E.V. and Milyavskii, A.E., The Morphology and the Interior Structure of Impact Craters Kamensk and Gusev, in Udarnye kratery na granitse Mezozoya i Kainozoya (Impact Craters at the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Boundary), Leningrad: Nauka, 1990, pp. 110-146.
Nemtchinov, I.V., Loseva, T.V., and Teterev, A.V., Impacts into Oceans and Seas, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 1996, vol. 72(1–3), pp. 405-418.
Nemtchinov, I.V., Svetsov, V.V., Kosarev, I.B., et al., Assessment of Kinetic Energy of Meteoroids Detected by Satellite-based Light Sensors, Icarus, 1997, vol. 130(2), pp. 229-274.
O'Keefe, J.D. and Ahrens, T.J., The Interaction of the Cretaceous/ Tertiary Extinction Bolide with Atmosphere, Ocean, and Solid Earth, GSA Special Paper, 1982, vol. 190, pp. 103-119.
O'Keefe, J.D. and Ahrens, T.J., Complex Crater: Relationship of Stratigraphy and Rings to Impact Conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 1999, vol. 104, no. E11, pp. 27 091-27104.
Ormö, J. and Lindström, M., When a Cosmic Impact Strikes the Sea Bed, Geol. Mag., 2000, vol. 137(1), pp. 67-80.
Quaide, W.L. and Oberbeck, V.R., Thickness Determinations of the Lunar Surface Layer from Lunar Impact Craters, J. Geophys. Res., 1968, vol. 73(16), pp. 5247-5270.
Roddy, D.J., Schuster, S.H., Rosenblatt, M., et al., Computer Simulations of Large Asteroid Impacts into Oceanic and Continental Sites-Preliminary Results on Atmospheric Cratering and Ejecta Dynamics, Int. J. Impact Engn., 1987, vol. 5, pp. 525-541.
Samarskii, A.A. and Popov, Yu.G., Raznostnye metody resheniya zadach gazovoi dinamiki (Difference Methods for Solving Gas Dynamics Problems), Moscow: Nauka, 1980.
Shuvalov, V.V., Multidimensional Hydrodynamic Code SOVA for Interfacial Flows, Application to Thermal Layer Effect, Shock Waves, 1999, vol. 9(6), pp. 381-390.
Shuvalov, V.V., Artem'eva, N.A., and Kosarev, I.B., 3D Hydrodynamic Code SOVA for Multimaterial Flows: Application to Shoemaker-Levy 9 Comet Impact Problem, Int. J. Impact Engn., 1999a, vol. 23, pp. 847-858.
Shuvalov, V.V., Artem'eva, N.A., and Trubetskaya, I.A., Impact Metamorphism Zones at the Oceanic Floors, in Fizicheskie protsessy v geosferakh: Ikh proyavleniya i vzaimodeistvie (Geofizika sil'nykh vozmushchenii) (Physical Processes in Geospheres: Their Manifestations and Interaction (Geophysics of Violent Disturbances), Moscow: Institute of Geosphere Dynamics, RAS, 1999b, pp. 314-323.
Shuvalov, V.V., Numerical Modeling of the Impacts into Shallow Sea, Abstracts of ESF Workshop: Meteorite Impacts in Precambrian Shields, Plado, J. and Pesonen, L.J., Lappajarvi, Finland, 2000, p. 57.
Thompson, S.L. and Lauson, H.S., Improvements in the Chart D Radiation-Hydrodynamic CODE III: Revised Analytic Equations of State, Rep. SC-RR-71 0714, Sandia Nat. Lab., Albquerque, New Mexico, 1972.
Tillotson, J.H., Metallic Equations of State for Hypervelocity Impact, General Atomic Rep. GA-3216, 1962.
Tsikalas, F., Gudlaugsson, S.T., and Faleide, J.I., Collapse, Infilling, and Postimpact Deformation at the MjØlnir Impact Crater, Barents Sea, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 1998a, vol. 110, pp. 537-552.
Tsikalas, F., Gudlaugsson, S.T., and Faleide, J.I., Anatomy of a Buried Complex Impact Structure: The MjØlnir Structure, Barents Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 1998b, vol. 103, pp. 30 469-30 484.
Van Leer, B., Towards the Ultimate Conservative Difference Scheme. IV. A New Approach to Numerical Convection, J. Comp. Phys., 1977, vol. 23, pp. 276-299.
Zamyshlyaev, B.V. and Evterev, L.S., Dinamicheskie modeli deformatsii razrusheniya gornykh porod (Dynamical Models of Rock Collapse), Moscow: Nauka, 1990.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shuvalov, V.V., Trubestkaya, I.A. Numerical Modeling of Marine Target Impacts. Solar System Research 36, 417–430 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020467522340
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020467522340