Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Historical and projected carbon balance of mature black spruce ecosystems across North America: the role of carbon–nitrogen interactions

  • Published:
Plant and Soil Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The role of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) interactions on sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in black spruce ecosystems across North America was evaluated with the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) by applying parameterizations of the model in which C–N dynamics were either coupled or uncoupled. First, the performance of the parameterizations, which were developed for the dynamics of black spruce ecosystems at the Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research site in Alaska, were evaluated by simulating C dynamics at eddy correlation tower sites in the Boreal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) for black spruce ecosystems in the northern study area (northern site) and the southern study area (southern site) with local climate data. We compared simulated monthly growing season (May to September) estimates of gross primary production (GPP), total ecosystem respiration (RESP), and net ecosystem production (NEP) from 1994 to 1997 to available field-based estimates at both sites. At the northern site, monthly growing season estimates of GPP and RESP for the coupled and uncoupled simulations were highly correlated with the field-based estimates (coupled: R 2= 0.77, 0.88 for GPP and RESP; uncoupled: R 2 = 0.67, 0.92 for GPP and RESP). Although the simulated seasonal pattern of NEP generally matched the field-based data, the correlations between field-based and simulated monthly growing season NEP were lower (R 2 = 0.40, 0.00 for coupled and uncoupled simulations, respectively) in comparison to the correlations between field-based and simulated GPP and RESP. The annual NEP simulated by the coupled parameterization fell within the uncertainty of field-based estimates in two of three years. On the other hand, annual NEP simulated by the uncoupled parameterization only fell within the field-based uncertainty in one of three years. At the southern site, simulated NEP generally matched field-based NEP estimates, and the correlation between monthly growing season field-based and simulated NEP (R 2 = 0.36, 0.20 for coupled and uncoupled simulations, respectively) was similar to the correlations at the northern site. To evaluate the role of N dynamics in C balance of black spruce ecosystems across North America, we simulated historical and projected C dynamics from 1900 to 2100 with a global-based climatology at 0.5° resolution (latitude × longitude) with both the coupled and uncoupled parameterizations of TEM. From analyses at the northern site, several consistent patterns emerge. There was greater inter-annual variability in net primary production (NPP) simulated by the uncoupled parameterization as compared to the coupled parameterization, which led to substantial differences in inter-annual variability in NEP between the parameterizations. The divergence between NPP and heterotrophic respiration was greater in the uncoupled simulation, resulting in more C sequestration during the projected period. These responses were the result of fundamentally different responses of the coupled and uncoupled parameterizations to changes in CO2 and climate.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amthor J S, Chen J M, Clein J S, Frokling S E, Goulden M L, Grant R F, Kimball J S, King A W, McGuire A D, Nikolov N T, Potter C S, Wang S, Wofsy S C 2001 Boreal forest CO2 exchange and evapotranspiration predicted by nine ecosystem process models: Inter-model comparisons and relations to field measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 33623-33648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beltrami H and Mareschal J C 1991 Recent warming in eastern Canada inferred from geothermal measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 605-608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonan G B 1990a Carbon and nitrogen cycling in North American boreal forests. I. Litter quality and soil thermal effects in interior Alaska. Biogeochemistry 10, 1-28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonan G B 1990b Carbon and nitrogen cycling in North American boreal forests. II. Biogeographic patterns. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 1077-1088.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonan G B and Van Cleve K 1992 Soil temperature, nitrogen mineralization, and carbon source-sink relationships in boreal forests. Can. J. For. Res. 22, 629-639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braswell B H, Schimel D S, Linder E and Moore B III 1997 The response of global terrestrial ecosystems to interannual temperature variability. Science 278, 870-872.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapin F S III, Shaver G R, Giblin A E, Nadelhoffer K J and Laundre J A 1995 Responses of arctic tundra to experimental and observed changes in climate. Ecology 76, 69-711.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapin F S III, McGuire A D, Randerson J, Pielke Sr. R, Baldocchi D, Hobbie S E, Roulet N, Eugster W, Kasischke E, Rastetter E B, Zimov S A, Oechel W A and Running S W 2000 Feedbacks from arctic and boreal ecosystems to climate. Global Change Biol. 6 (Suppl. 1), 211-223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman W L and Walsh J E 1993 Recent variations of sea ice and air temperatures in high latitudes. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 74, 33-47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clein J S, Kwiatkowski B L, McGuire A D, Hobbie J E, Rastetter E B, Melillo J M and Kicklighter D W 2000 Modeling carbon responses of tundra ecosystems to historical and projected climate: A comparison of a fine-and coarse-scale ecosystem model for identification of process-based uncertainties. Global Change Biol. 6 (Suppl. 1), 127-140.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLucia E H, Hamilton J G, Naidu S L, Thomas R B, Andrews J A, Finzi A, Lavine M, Matamala R, Mohan J, Hendrey G and Schlesinger W H 1999 Net primary production of a forest ecosystem with experimental CO2 enrichment. Science 284, 1177-1179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enting I, Wigley T and Heimann M 1994 Future emissions and concentrations of carbon dioxide: key ocean/atmosphere/land analyses. CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research Technical Paper, 31, 120 pp.

  • Everett J T and Fitzharris BB 1998 The Arctic and the Antarctic. In The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability Eds. R T Watson, M C Zinyowera, R H Moss and D J Dokken. pp 85-103. Cambridge University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan S M, Wofsy S C, Bakwin P S and Jacob D J 1990 Atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO2 and O3 in the central Amazon forest. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 16851-16864.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO-UNESCO 1971 Soil map of the world, 1:5,000,000. FAO/UNESCO, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan P W and Van Cleve K 1983 Nutrient cycling in relation to decomposition and organic matter quality in taiga ecosystems. Can. J. For. Res. 13, 795-817.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frolking S 1997 Sensitivity of spruce/moss boreal forest net ecosystem productivity to seasonal anomalies in weather. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 29053-29064.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frolking S, Goulden M L, Wofsy S C, Fan S-M, Sutton D J, Munger J W, Bazzaz A M, Daube B C, Crill P M, Aber A D, Band L E, Wang X, Savage K, Moore T and Harris R C 1996 Temporal variability in the carbon balance of a spruce/moss boreal forest. Global Change Biol. 2, 343-366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goulden M L, Daube B C, Fan S-M, Sutton D J, Bazzaz A, Munger J W and Wofsy S C 1997 Physiological responses of black spruce forest to weather. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 28987-28996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goulden M L, Wofsy S C, Harden J W, Trumbore S E, Crill P M, Gower S T, Fries T, Daube B C, Fan S-M, Sutton D J, Bazzaz A and Munger J W 1998 Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw. Science 279, 214-217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grace J, Lloyd J, McIntyre J, Miranda A C, Meri P, Miranda H S, Nobre C, Monteith J, Massheder J, Wright I and Gash J 1995 Carbon dioxide uptake by an undisturbed tropical rain forest in southwest Amazonia, 1992-1993. Science 270, 778-780.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houghton R A and Woodwell G M 1983 Global climate change. Sci. Am. 260(4), 36-44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulme M 1995 A historical monthly precipitation data for global land areas from 1900 to 1994, gridded at 3.75 × 2.5 resolution. Climate Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis P G, Massheder J M, Hale S E, Moncrieff J B, Rayment M and Scott S L 1997 Seasonal variation of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy exchanges of a boreal black spruce forest. J. Geophys. Res. 102D, 28953-28966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson K H 1993 Growth and ecophysiological responses of black spruce seedlings under varied water and nutrient additions. Can. J. For. Res. 23, 1033-1042.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones P D 1994 Hemispheric surface air temperature variations: a reanalysis and update to 1993. J. Clim. 7, 1794-1802.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kicklighter D W, Bruno M, Doenges S, Esser G, Heimann M et al. 1999 A first order analysis of the potential role of CO2 fertilization to affect the global carbon budget: a comparison of four terrestrial biosphere models. Tellus 51B, 343-366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimball J S, Thornton P E, White M A and Running S W 1997 Simulating forest productivity and surface-atmosphere carbon exchange in the BOREAS study region. Tree Physiol. 17, 589-599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurz W A and Apps M J 1995 Retrospective assessment of carbon flows in Canadian boreal forests. In Forest Ecosystems, Forest Management and the Global Carbon Cycle. Eds. M J Apps and D T Price, Springer-Verlag, NATO Advanced Science Institute Series.

  • Kurz W A and Apps M J 1999 A 70-year retrospective analysis of carbon fluxes in the Canadian forest sector. Ecol. Appl. 9, 526-547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurz WA, Apps M J, Stocks B J and Volney W J A 1995 Global climate change: disturbance regions and tropospheric feedbacks of temperate and boreal forests. In Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climate System. Eds. G M Woodwell and F T Makenzie. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson J A 1980 The Boreal Ecosystem. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 500 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leemans R and Cramer W P 1991 The IIASA database for mean monthly values of temperature, precipitation, and cloudiness on an terrestrial grid. IIASA RR-91-18, Laxenburg, Austria.

  • Makipaa R, Karjalainen T, Pussinen A and Kellomaki S 1999 Effects of climate change and nitrogen deposition on the carbon sequestration of a forest ecosystem in the boreal zone. Can. J. For. Res. 29, 1490-1501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massheder J M 2000 Surface flux measurements by eddy covariance over a black spruce stand. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire A D and Hobbie J E 1997 Global climate change and the equilibrium responses of carbon storage in arctic and subarctic regions. In Modeling the Arctic System: A Workshop Report on the State of Modeling in the Arctic System Science Program. pp 53-54. The Arctic Research Consortium of the United States, Fairbanks, Alaska.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire A D, Melillo J M, Joyce L A, Kicklighter D W, Grace A L, Moore B III and Vorosmarty C J 1992 Interactions between carbon and nitrogen dynamics in estimating net primary productivity for potential vegetation in North America. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 6, 101-124.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire A D, Melillo J M and Joyce L A 1995 The role of N in the response of forest net primary production to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 26, 473-503.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire A D, Melillo J M, Kicklighter D W, Pan Y, Xiao X, Helfrich J, Moore B III, Vorosmarty C J and Schloss A L 1997 Equilibrium responses of global net primary production and carbon storage to doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide: Sensitivity to changes in vegetation nitrogen concentration. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 11, 173-189.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire A D, Melillo J M, Randerson J T, Parton W J, Heimann M, Meier R A, Clein J S, Kicklighter D W and Sauf W 2000a Modeling the effects of snowpack on heterotrophic respiration across northern temperate and high latitude regions: Comparison with measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide in high latitudes. Biogeochemistry 48, 91-114.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire A D, Clein J S, Melillo J M, Kicklighter D W, Meier R A, Vorosmarty C J and Serreze M C 2000b Modeling carbon responses of tundra ecosystems to historical and projected climate: Sensitivity of Pan-arctic carbon storage to temporal and spatial variation in climate. Global Change Biol. 6 (Suppl. 1), 141-159.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire A D, Sitch S, Clein J S, Dargaville R, Esser G, Foley J, Heimann M, Joos F, Kaplan J, Kicklighter D W, Meier R A, Melillo J M, Moore B III, Prentice I C, Ramankutty N, Reichenau T, Schloss A, Tian H, Williams L J and Wittenberg U 2001 Carbon balance of the terrestrial biosphere in the twentieth century: Analysis of CO2, climate and land-use effects with four process-based ecosystem models. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 183-206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melillo J M, Prentice I C, Farquhar G D, Schulze E D and Sala O E 1996a Terrestrial biotic responses to environmental change and feedbacks to climate. In Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change. Eds. J T Houghton, L G Meira Filho, B A Callander, N Harris, A Kattenberg and K Maskell. pp 445-481. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melillo J M, Houghton R A, Kicklighter D W and McGuire A D 1996b Tropical deforestation and the global carbon budget. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 21, 293-310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miranda A C, Miranda H S, Lloyd J, Grace J, Francey R J, McIntyre J A, Meir P, Riggan P, Lockwood R and Brass J 1997 Fluxes of carbon, water and energy over Brazilian cerrado: an analysis using eddy covariance and stable isotopes. Plant Cell Environ. 20, 315-328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell J F B, Johns T C, Gregory J M and Tett S F B 1995 Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols. Nature 376, 501-504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadelhoffer K J, Giblin A E, Shaver G R and Laundre J L 1991 Effects of temperature and organic matter quality on C, N and P mineralization in soils from arctic ecosystems. Ecology 72, 242-253.

    Google Scholar 

  • NCAR/Navy 1984 Global 10-minute elevation data. Digital tape available through Nat. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Nat. Geophys. Data Cent., Boulder, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oechel W C and Lawrence W T 1985 Taiga. In Physiological Ecology of North American Plant Communities. Eds. B F Chabot and H A Mooney. pp 66-94. Chapman and Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oechel W C and Van Cleve K 1986 The role of bryophytes in nutrient cycling in the taiga. In Forest Ecosystems in the Alaskan Taiga. Eds. K Van Cleve et al. pp 121-137. Springer, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oechel W C, Hastings S J, Vourlitis G L, Jenkins M, Reichers G and Grulke N 1993 Recent change of arctic tundra ecosystems from a net carbon dioxide sink to a source. Nature 361, 520-523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oechel W C, Vourlitis G L, Hastings S J and Bochkarev S A 1995 Change in arctic CO2 flux over two decades: Effects of climate change at Barrow, Alaska. Ecol. Appl. 5, 846-855.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oechel W C, Vourlitis G L, Hastings S J, Zuleta R C, Hinzman L and Kane D 2000 Acclimation of ecosystem CO2 exchange in Alaskan Arctic in response to decadal climate warming. Nature 406, 978-981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osterkamp T E and Romanovsky V E 1999 Evidence for warming and thawing of discontinuous permafrost in Alaska. Permafrost Periglac. Process. 10, 17-37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan Y, Melillo J M, McGuire A D, Kicklighter D W, Pitelka L F, Hibbard K, Pierce L L, Running S W, Ojima D S, Parton W J, Schimel D S and other VEMAP members 1998 Modeled responses of terrestrial ecosystems to elevated atmospheric CO2: A comparison of simulation be the biogeochemistry models of the Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP). Oecologia 114, 389-404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng C and Apps M J 1998 Simulating carbon dynamics along the Boreal Forest Transect Case Study (BFTCS) in central Canada 2. Sensitivity to climate change. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 12, 393-402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter C S, Wang S, Nikolov N T, McGuire A D, Liu J, King A W, Kimball J S, Grant R F, Frolking S E, Clein J S, Chen J M and Amthor J S 2000 Comparison of boreal ecosystem model sensitivity to variability in climate and forest site parameters. J. Geophys. Res. In review.

  • Raich J W, Rastetter E B, Melillo J M, Kicklighter D W, Steudler P A, Peterson B J, Grace A L, Moore B III and Vorosmarty C J 1991 Potential net primary production in South America: application of a global model. Ecol. Appl. 1, 399-429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rastetter E B 1996 Validating models of ecosystem response to global change. Bioscience 46, 190-198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter D D, O'Neill K P and Kasischke E S 2000 Stimulation of soil respiration in burned black spruce (Picea mariana L.) forest ecosystems; A hypothesis. In Fire, Climate Change, and Carbon Cycling in the North American Boreal Forest, Eds. E S Kasischke and B J Stocks. pp 164-178. New York: Ecological Studies Series, Springer, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schimel D S, Braswell B H, McKeown R, Ojima D S, Parton W J and Pulliam W 1996 Climate and nitrogen controls on the geography and time scales of terrestrial biogeochemical cycling. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10, 677-692.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schimel D, Melillo J, Tian H, McGuire A D, Kicklighter D, Kittel T, Rosenbloom N, Running S, Thornton P, Ojima D, Parton W, Kelly R, Sykes M, Neilson R, Rizzo B and Pitelka L 2000 Carbon storage by the natural and agricultural ecosystems of the US (1980-1993). Science 287, 2004-2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellers P J, Hall F G, Kelly R D, Black A, Baldocchi D, Berry J, Ryan M, Jon Ranson K, Crill P M, Lettenmaier D P, Margolis H, Cihlar J, Newcomer J, Fitzjarrald D, Jarvis P G, Gower S T, Halliwell D, Williams D, Goodison B, Wickland D E and Guertin F E 1997 BOREAS in 1997: Experiment overview, scientific results, and future directions. J. Geophys. Res. 102 D24, 28731-28769.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serreze M C, Walsh J E, Chapin F S III, Osterkamp T, Dyurgerov M, Romanovsky V, Oechel W C, Morison J, Zhang T and Barry R G 2000 Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment. Climatic Change 46, 159-207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaver G R, Billings W D, Chapin F S III, Giblin A E, Nadelhoffer K J, Oechel W C and Rastetter E B 1992 Global change and the carbon balance of arctic ecosystems. Bioscience 42, 433-441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith T M and Shugart H H 1993 The transient response of terrestrial carbon storage to a perturbed climate. Nature 361, 523-526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian H, Melillo J M, Kicklighter D W, McGuire A D, Helfrich J, Moore B III and Vörösmarty C J 1998 Effect of interannual climate variability on carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems. Nature 396, 664-667.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian H, Melillo J M, Kicklighter D W and McGuire A D 1999 The sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to historical climate variability and atmospheric CO2 in the United States. Tellus 51B, 414-452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian H, Melillo J M, Kicklighter D W, McGuire A D, Moore B III and Vörösmarty C J 2000 Climatic and biotic controls on interannual variations of carbon storage in undisturbed ecosystems of the Amazon Basin. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 9, 315-336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Cleve K and Zasada J 1976 Response of 70-year-old white spruce to thinning and fertilization in interior Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 6, 145-152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Cleve K, Oliver L, Schlentner R, Viereck L A and Dyrness C T 1983 Productivity and nutrient cycling in taiga forest ecosystems. Can. J. For. Res. 13, 747-766.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Cleve K, Oechel W C and Hom J L 1990 Response of black spruce (Picea mariana) ecosystems to soil temperature modifications in interior Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 1530-1535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Nostrand R S 1979 Growth response of black spruce in Newfoundland to N, P and K fertilization. For. Chron. 55, 189-193.

    Google Scholar 

  • VEMAP Members 1995 Vegetation/ecosystem modeling and analysis project: comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and CO2 doubling. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 9, 407-437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vukicevic T, Braswell B H and Schimel D S 2001 A diagnostic study of temperature controls on global terrestrial carbon exchange. Tellus 53B, 150-170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber M G and Van Cleve K 1984 Nitrogen transformations in feather moss and forest floor layers of interior Alaska black spruce ecosystems. Can. J. For. Res. 14, 278-290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weetman G F 1975 Ten-year growth response of black spruce to thinning and fertilization treatments. Can. J. For. Res. 5, 302-309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao X, Melillo J M, Kicklighter D W, McGuire A D, Prinn R G, Wang C, Stone P H and Sokolov A P 1998 Transient climate change and net ecosystem production of the terrestrial biosphere. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 12, 345-360.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA

    J S Clein

  2. U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA

    A D McGuire

  3. Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA

    X Zhang

  4. The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA

    D W Kicklighter & J M Melillo

  5. Division of Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

    S C Wofsy

  6. Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, Scotland

    P G Jarvis & J M Massheder

Authors
  1. J S Clein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A D McGuire
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. X Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. D W Kicklighter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. J M Melillo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. S C Wofsy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. P G Jarvis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. J M Massheder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Clein, J.S., McGuire, A.D., Zhang, X. et al. Historical and projected carbon balance of mature black spruce ecosystems across North America: the role of carbon–nitrogen interactions. Plant and Soil 242, 15–32 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019673420225

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019673420225

Search

Navigation