Abstract
We determined the acute and chronic toxicity of aniline to tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), cladoceran crusatcea (Moina micrura) and oligochaete worm (Branchiura sowerbyi) using static bioassay tests. The 96 h LC50 values of aniline for O. mossambicus, M. micrura and B. sowerbyi were 69.4, 0.6 and 586 mg l−1 respectively. Tilapia responded to even low concentrations of aniline: the fish lost appetite at aniline concentrations as low as 0.02 mg l−1. A 90 d outdoor bioassay with tilapia showed that 0.02 mg l−1 aniline reduced fish yield, specific growth rate and food conversion efficiency. Reproductive functions of fish were affected by aniline at a concentration of 0.5 mg l−1 and above. Dissolved oxygen, primary productivity and plankton population of the test medium also were significantly reduced at 2.65 and 6.94 mg l−1 aniline.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Addison, R.F., Zinck, M.E. and Willis, D.E. (1977). Mixed function oxidase enzymes in trout (Salvelinus frontinalis) liver: Absence of induction following feeding of p.p-DDT or p.p-DDE. Comparative Biochem. and Physio. C 7(5), 39-43.
Addison, R.F., Zinck, M.E., Willis, D.E. (1978). Induction of hepatic mixed function oxidase (MFO) enzymes in trout (Salvelinus frontinalis) by feeding Aroclor 1254 or 3-methylcholanthrene. Comparative Biochem. Physiol. C 61, 323-5.
APHA (American, Public, Health, Association). (1989). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation: Washington, DC, USA.
Bagenal, T. (1978). Methods for Assessment of Fish Production in Fresh Water, 3rd Edn. Blackwell Scientific Publication: Oxford, pp. 120.
Bhunia, F., Saha, N.C. and Kaviraj, A. (2000). Toxicity of thiocyanate to fish, plankton, worm and aquatic ecosystem. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 64(2), 197-204.
Bradbury, S.P., Dady, J.M., Fitzsimmons, P.N., Voit, M.M., Hammermeister, D.E. and Erickson, R.J. (1993). Toxicokinetics and metabolism of aniline and 4-chloroaniline in Medaka (Oryzias latipes). Toxicol. and Appl. Pharmacol. 118(2), 205-14.
Braunbeck, T., Storch, V. and Bresch, H. (1990). Species-specific reaction of liver ultrastructure in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) and trout (Salmo gairdneri) after prolonged exposure to 4-chloroaniline. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19, 405-18.
Brown, M.E. (1975). The Physiology of Fishes, Academic Press: New York, pp.86-96.
Budavari, S. (ed.), (1989). The Merck Index. An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals, 11th Edn., Merck and Co Publication: Rahway, NJ.
Dady, J.M., Bradbury, S.P., Hoffman, A.D., Voit, M.M. and Olson, D.L. (1991). Hepatic microsomal N-hydroxylation of aniline and 4-chloroaniline by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Xenobiotica 21, 1605-20.
Ferrando, M.D., Janssen, C.R., Andreu, E. and Persoone, G. (1993). Ecotoxicological studies with the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. III. The effect of chemicals on the feeding behavior. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 26(1), 1-9.
Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit Analysis, p. 333, London: Cambridge University Press.
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, 2nd edn. New York: John Wiley.
Harrison, J.H. Jr. and Jollow, D.J. (1987). Contribution of aniline metabolites to aniline-induced methamoglobinemia. Mol. Pharmacol. 32(3), 423-31.
Hermens, J., Leeuwangh, P. and Musch, A. (1984). Quantitative structure-activity relationships and mixture toxicity studies of chloro-and alkylanilines at acute lethal toxicity level to the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 8, 388-94.
Howard, P.H. (1989). Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals. Large Production and Priority pollutants, pp. 44-52, Lewis Publishers Inc: Chelsea.
Johnson, R.D. and Tietge, J.E. (1991). Carcinogenic sensitivity of the medaka to aromatic amines. Toxicology 11, 331.
Kumaran, P. (1993). Specialized microbes in phenolic waste management. J. Indian Assoc. Environ. Management 20, 15-25.
LeCren, E.D. (1951). The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch (Perca fluviatilis). J. Animal Ecol. 20, 201-19.
Nielsen, I.R., Diment, J. and Dobson, S. (1993). Environmental hazard assessment: Aniline. Toxic Substances Division, Department of Environment: London, TSD/15 pp 52.
Pedersen, M.G., Hershberger, W.K., Zachariah, P.K. and Juchau, M.R. (1976). Hepatic biotransformation of environmental xenobitics in six strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Board of Canada 33, 666-75.
Sittig, M. (ed.), (1985). Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals Carcinogens, 2nd edn. Noyes Publications: Park Ridge, NJ.
TRI92 (Toxics Release Inventory 1992). (1994). Public Data Release. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics US EPA: Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA (United States Environment Protection Agency). (1985). Health and environmental effects profile for aniline. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH, ECAO-CIN-P136.
U.S. EPA (United States Environment Protection Agency). (1994). Aniline fact sheet (CAS No. 62-53-3), EPA 749-F-95-002.
Vaal, M.A., Van der Wal, J.T, Hermens, J. and Hoekstra, J. (1997). Pattern analysis of the variation in the sensitivity of aquatic species to toxicants. Chemosphere 35(6), 1291-309.
Verma, S.R., Rani, S., Tyagi, A.K. and Dalela, R.C. (1980). Evaluation of acute toxicity of phenol and its chloro-and nitro-derivatives to certain teleosts. Water Air Soil Pollution 14, 95-102.
Vollen-Weider, R.A. (1969). A manual on methods for measuring primary productivity in aquatic environments. Blackwell Scientific Publication: Oxford, INP Handbook No. 12., pp. 213.
Windholz M. (ed.), (1983). The Merck Index, 10th edn. Rahway, NJ, Merck and Company, Inc.
Yount, J.D. and Shannon, L.J. (1988). State changes in laboratory microecosystems in response to chemicals from three structural groups, Special Technical Publication, American Society for Testing and Materials. Philadelphia, pp. 86-96.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhunia, F., Saha, N.C. & Kaviraj, A. Effects of Aniline–An Aromatic Amine to Some Freshwater Organisms. Ecotoxicology 12, 397–404 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026104205847
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026104205847