Skip to main content
Log in

Landscapes, Houses, Bodies, Things: “Place” and the Archaeology of Inuit Imaginaries

  • Published:
Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although the dichotomization of space and place has spawned a lively archaeological discussion, it threatens to devolve into a troublesome binary like sex/gender. Local place-making and universalizing spatial science are not so neatly segregated. Rather than dividing and bounding the notion of an investment of locations with meaning, it can be extended to describe the intricate topologies of bodies and things, as well as landscapes. Places emerge as sites of the hybrid articulation of representations, practices, and things, as spatialized imaginaries. The notion of imaginaries and the rethinking of place are illustrated with Inuit archaeological and ethnographic examples.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES CITED

  • Allen, J. L. (1992). From Cabot to Cartier: The early exploration of eastern North America, 1497-1543. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82(3): 500–521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (Rev. edn.), Verso, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anschuetz, K. F., Wilshusen, R. H., and Scheick, C. L. (2001). An archaeology of landscapes: Perspectives and directions. Journal of Archaeological Research 9(2): 157–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aporta, C. (2003). New ways of mapping: Using GPS mapping software to plot place names and trails in Igloolik (Nunavut). Arctic 56(4): 321–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arima, E. (1976). Views on land expressed in Inuit oral traditions. In Freeman, M. M. R. (ed.), Inuit Land Use and Occupancy Project, Vol. 2: Supporting Studies, Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa, pp. 217–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachelard, G. (1994 [1964]). The Poetics of Space, Beacon Press, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The Dialogic Imagination, University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhtin, M. M. (1986). Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J. (1994). Fragments From Antiquity: An Archaeology of Social Life in Britain, 2900-1200 BC, Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basso, K. H. (1996). Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among the Western Apache, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bender, B. (1998). Stonehenge: Making Space, Berg, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkes, F. (1993). Traditional ecological knowledge in perspective. In Inglis, J. (ed.), Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, pp. 1-10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boas, F. (1964 [1888]). The Central Eskimo, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodenhorn, B. (1990). "I'm not the great hunter, my wife is": Inupiat and anthropological models of gender. Etudes/Inuit/Studies 14(1/2): 55–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogojavlensky, S. (1969). Imaangmiut Eskimo Careers: Skinboats in Bering Strait, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University.

  • Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1990). The Logic of Practice, Stanford University Press, Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, B., and Castree, C. (eds.) (1998). Remaking Reality: Nature at the Millenium, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braund, S. R. (1988). The Skin Boats of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska,University of Washington Press, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brush, S. B. (1993). Indigenous knowledge of biological resources and intellectual property rights: The role of anthropology. American Anthropologist 95(3): 653–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burch, E. S., Jr. (1981). The Traditional Eskimo Hunters of Point Hope, Alaska: 1800-1875, North Slope Borough, Barrow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burch, E. S., Jr. (1998). The Iñupiaq Eskimo Nations of Northwest Alaska, University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burch, E. S., Jr. (2003). The Cultural and Natural Heritage of Northwest Alaska, Vol. VI: The Organization of National Life, Report prepared for NANA Museum of the Arctic and the United States National Park Service.

  • Butler, J. (1993). Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of"Sex," Routledge, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassell, M. S. (1992). Eskimo labor, commercial whaling, and industrial capitalism in late 19th/early 20th century North Alaska: An archaeology of Kelly's whaling station, 1891-92. Paper presented at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Pittsburgh.

  • Castoriadis, C. (1987). The Imaginary Institution of Society, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castree, N., and Braun, B. (eds.) (2001). Social Nature: Theory, Practice, and Politics, Berg, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick, A. (2003). Post-processualism, professionalization and archaeological methodologies: Towards reflective and radical practice. Archaeological Dialogues 10(1): 97–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Correll, T. C. (1976). Language and location in traditional Inuit societies. In Freeman, M. M. R. (ed.), Inuit Land Use and Occupancy Project, Vol. 2: Supporting Studies, Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa, pp. 173–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crang, M., and Thrift, N. (eds.) (2000). Thinking Space, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Csordas, T. (1999). The body's career in anthropology. In Moore, H. L. (ed.) Anthropological Theory Today, Polity Press, Cambridge, pp. 172–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damas, D. (1972). Central Eskimo systems of food sharing. Ethnology 11(3): 220–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Certeau, M. (1984). The Practice of Everyday Life, University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delle, J. A. (1999). An Archaeology of Social Space: Analyzing Coffee Plantations in Jamaica's Blue Mountains, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delle, J. A., Mrozowski, S. A., and Paynter, R. (eds.) (2000). Lines That Divide: Historical Archaeologies of Race, Class, and Gender, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Descola, P., and Pálsson, G. (eds.) (1996). Nature and Society: Anthropological Perspectives, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denneven, W. M. (1992). The pristine myth: The landscape of the Americas in 1492. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82(3): 369–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Escobar, A. (1999). After nature: Steps to an antiessentialist political ecology. Current Anthropology 40(1): 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Escobar, A. (2001). Culture sits in places: Reflections on globalism and subaltern strategies of localization. Political Geography 20:139–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality, Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foote, B. A. (1992). The Tigara Eskimos and Their Environment, North Slope Borough Commission on Inupiat History, Language and Culture, Point Hope.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortescue, M. (1988).Eskimo Orientation Systems, Meddelelser om Grønland, Man and Society11, Copenhagen.

  • Fossett, R. (1996). Mapping Inuktitut: Inuit views of the real world. In Brown, J., and Vibert, E. (eds.), Reading Beyond Words: Contexts for Native History, Broadview Press, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, pp. 74–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Vintage Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1980). Questions on geography. In Foucault, M. (ed.), Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977, Pantheon Books, New York, pp. 63–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1986). Death and the Labyrinth: TheWorld of Raymond Roussel, University of California Press, Berkeley.

  • Foucault, M. (1994). Different spaces. In Foucault, M. (ed.), Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology: Essential Works of Foucault 1954-1984, Vol. 2, The New Press, New York, pp. 175–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franceschi, G., Jorn, A., Møbjerg, T., and Rosing, J. (2001). Folk Art in Greenland Throughout a Thousand Years, Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, Köln.

  • Franklin, S. (1995). Science as culture, cultures of science. Annual Review of Anthropology 24:163–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, M. M. R., and Carbyn, L. (eds.) (1988). Traditional Knowledge and Renewable Resource Management in Northern Regions, IUCN Commission on Ecology and Boreal Institute for Northern Studies, Occasional Paper No. 23, Edmonton.

  • Gagné, R. (1968). Spatial concepts in the Eskimo language. In Valentine, V., and Vallee, F. (eds.), Eskimos of the Canadian Arctic, McLellan and Stewart Ltd., Toronto, pp. 30–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatens, M. (1996). Imaginary Bodies: Ethics, Power and Corporeality, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gero, J. (1996). Archaeological practice and gendered encounters with field data. In Wright, R. (ed.), Gender and Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, pp. 251–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1985).Time, space, and regionalisation. In Gregory, D., and Urry, J. (eds.), Social Relations and Spatial Structures, Macmillan, London, pp. 265–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosden, C. (2001). Postcolonial archaeology: Issues of culture, identity, and knowledge. In Hodder, I. (ed.),Archaeological Theory Today, Polity, Cambridge, pp. 241–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grønnow, B., Meldgaard, M., and Nielsen, J. B. (1983). Aasivissuit-The Great Summer Camp: Archaeological, Ethnographical and Zoo-Archaeological Studies of a Caribou-Hunting Site in West Greenland, Meddelelser om Grønland Man and Society 5, Copenhagen.

  • Habu, J., and Savelle, J. M. (1994). Construction, use and abandonment of a Thule whale bone house, Somerset Island, Arctic Canada. The Quaternary Research (Japanese Association for Quaternary Research) 33:1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallendy, N. (1994). Inuksuit: Semalithic figures constructed by Inuit in the Canadian Arctic. In Morrison, D., and Pilon, J.-L. (eds.), Threads of Arctic Prehistory: Papers in Honour of William E. Taylor, Jr., Archaeological Survey of Canada Mercury Series Paper No. 149, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Hull, pp. 385–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, J. P. H., Meldgaard, J., and Nordqvist, J. (1991). The Greenland Mummies, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley, J. B. (1992). Rereading the maps of the Columbian encounter. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82(3): 522–542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkey, D. E. (1988). Use of Upper Extremity Enthesopathies to Indicate Habitual Activity Patterns, Unpublished MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University.

  • Hawkey, D. E., and Merbs, C. F. (1995). Activity-induced musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) and subsistence strategy changes among ancient Hudson Bay Eskimos. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 5:324–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heidegger, M. (1977). Building, dwelling, thinking. In Heidegger, M. (ed.), Basic Writings, Harper, San Francisco, pp. 319–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, D. J. (1997). If you're thinking of living in STS: A guide for the perplexed. In Downey, G., and Dumit, J. (eds.), Cyborgs and Citadels: Anthropological Interventions in Emerging Sciences and Technologies, School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM, pp. 143–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heyes, S. (2002). Protecting the authenticity and integrity of inuksuit within the Arctic milieu. Etudes/Inuit/Studies 26(2): 133–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodder, I. (ed.) (1999). Towards Reflexive Method in Archaeology: The Example of Ç atalhöyük, McDonald Institute Monographs, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, W. J. (1895). The Graphic Art of the Eskimos, Based Upon the Collections in the National Museum, Report of the United States National Museum for 1895, Washington, pp. 739–968.

  • Holtved, E. (1944). Archaeological Investigations in the Thule District, Meddelelser om Grønland Copenhagen, Vol. 141(1-2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingold, T. (1993). The temporality of the landscape. World Archaeology 25:152–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Issenman, B. K. (1997). Sinews of Survival: The Living Legacy of Inuit Clothing, University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. (1996). An Archaeology of Capitalism, Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, O., and Cloke, P. (2002). Tree Cultures: The Place of Trees and Trees in Their Place, Berg, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, W. B. (1971). The flow of energy in a hunting society. Scientific American 225(3): 105–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, A. B., and Ashmore, W. (1999). Archaeological landscapes: Constructed, conceptualized, ideational. In Ashmore,W., and Knapp, A. B. (eds.), Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp. 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacan, J. (1977). Ecrits, Tavistock, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lantis, M. (1938). The Alaskan whale cult and its affinities. American Anthropologist 40:438–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, M. A. (1995). And then there were none: The "disappearance" of the qargiin northern Alaska. In McCartney, A. P. (ed.), Hunting the Largest Animals: Native Whaling in theWestern Arctic and Subarctic, Occasional Publication No. 36, Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Edmonton, pp. 33–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (1987). Science in Action, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (1990). Drawing things together. In Lynch, M., and Woolgar, S. (eds.), Representation in Scientific Practice, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 19–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (1993). We Have Never Been Modern, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (1999). Pandora's Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Law, J. (1986). On the methods of long-distance control: Vessels, navigation and the Portugese route to India. In Law, J. (ed.), Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge?Sociological Review Monographs 32, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, pp. 234–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M., and Reinhardt, G. (2003). Eskimo Architecture: Dwelling and Structure in the Early Historic Period, University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space, Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, G. M. (1997). Native North Americans' cosmological ideas and geographical awareness: Their representation and influence on early European exploration and geographical knowledge. In Allen, J. (ed.), North American Exploration,Vol. 1:ANewWorld Disclosed, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 71–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, G. M. (ed.) (1998). Cartographic Encounters: Perspectives on Native American Mapmaking and Map Use, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenstein, T. (1993). Ancient Land: Sacred Whale. The Inuit Hunt and Its Rituals, Bloomsbury, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, G. (2001). Critical Approaches to Fieldwork: Contemporary and Historical Archaeological Practice, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCartney, A. P. (1980). The nature of Thule Eskimo whale use. Arctic 33:517–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, J. (1998). The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore, and Legend, Nunavut Research Institute, Iqaluit.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, K. M. (1989). The Ruin Islanders: Early Thule Culture Pioneers in the Eastern High Arctic, Archaeological Survey of Canada Mercury Series Paper No. 141, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGhee, R. (1984). The Thule Village at Brooman Point, High Arctic Canada, National Museum of Man Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada Paper No. 125, Ottawa.

  • McGovern, T. H. (1994). Management for extinction in Norse Greenland. In Crumley, C. L. (ed.), : Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes, School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM, pp. 127–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, R. H., and Paynter, R. (eds.) (1991). The Archaeology of Inequality, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPherson, A. G. (1997). Pre-Columbian discoveries and exploration of North America. In Allen, J. (ed.), North American Exploration, Vol. 1: A NewWorld Disclosed, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 13–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marean, C.W., Abe, Y., Nilssen, P., and Stone, E. (2001). Estimating the minimum number of skeletal elements (MNE) in zooarchaeology:Areviewand a newimage-analysis GIS Approach. American Antiquity 66:333–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauss, M. (1979). Body techniques. In Mauss, Sociology and Psychology: Essays, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, pp. 95–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, M. S. (1983). A contemporary ethnography from the Thule period. Arctic Anthropology 20(1): 79–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merbs, C. F. (1983). Patterns of Activity-Induced Pathology in a Canadian Inuit Population, National Museum of Man Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada Paper No. 119, Ottawa.

  • Minc, L. D. (1986). Scarcity and survival: The role of oral tradition in mediating subsistence crises. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5:39–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, G., and Goodwin, N. (directors) (1996). Operation Solstice: The Battle of the Beanfield, documentary film distributed through www.cultureshop.org

  • Morrison, D. (1984). A note on Thule culture dogs from Coronation Gulf, N. W. T. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 8(2): 149–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Wille, L. (2001). Shaping modern Inuit territorial perception and identity in the Quebec-Labrador peninsula. In Scott, C. (ed.), Aboriginal Autonomy and Development in Northern Quebec and Labrador, UBC Press, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 33–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Wille, L. (ed.) (1987). Gazetteer of Inuit Place Names in Nunavik (Quebec, Canada), Avataq Cultural Institute, Inukjuak.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttall, M. (1992). Arctic Homeland: Kinship, Community and Development in Northwest Greenland, University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttall, M. (2001). Locality, identity and memory in south Greenland. Etudes/Inuit/Studies 25(1/2): 53–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oakes, J. E. (1991). Copper and Caribou Inuit Skin Clothing Production, Canadian Ethnology Service Mercury Series No. 118, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Hull.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyama, S. (2000). Evolution's Eye: A Systems View of the Biology-Culture Divide, Duke University Press, Durham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, R. W. (1998). Size counts: The miniature archaeology of childhood in Inuit societies. Antiquity 72(276): 269–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, H. C. (1986). Skinboats of Greenland, Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, R. (1984). East Greenland before 1950. In Damas, D. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 5: Arctic, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 622–639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, R. (2003). Settlements, Kinship and Hunting Grounds in Traditional Greenland: A Comparative Study of Local Experiences From Upernavik and Ammassalik, Meddelelser om Grønland, Man and Society 27, Copenhagen.

  • Plumet, P. (1985). Cairns-balises et mégalithes de l'Ungava. Etudes/Inuit/Studies 9(2): 61–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, D. B. (1997). The Northwest Passage in theory and practice. In Allen, J. (ed.), North American Exploration, Vol. 1: A NewWorld Disclosed, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 292–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rainey, F. G. (1947). The Whale Hunters of Tigara, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 41(2), pp. 231–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, K. (1929). Intellectual Culture of the Iglulik Eskimos, Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition 1921–24, Vol. 7(1), Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag, Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, K. (1930a). Iglulik and Caribou Eskimo Texts, Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition 1921–24, Vol. 7(3), Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag, Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, K. (1930b). Observations on the Intellectual Culture of the Caribou Eskimos, Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition 1921–24, Vol. 7(2), Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag, Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, K. (1931). The Netsilik Eskimos: Social Life and Spiritual Culture, Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition 1921–24, Vol. 8(1/2), Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag, Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Relph, E. (1976). Place and Placelessness, Pion, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, A. (1984). Notes towards a politics of location. In Rich, A. (ed.), Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Selected Prose 1979-1985, W. W. Norton, New York, pp. 210–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riffenburgh, B. (1991a). James Gordon Bennett, the New York Herald and the Arctic. Polar Record 27(160): 9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riffenburgh, B. (1991b). Jules Verne and the conquest of the polar regions. Polar Record 27(162): 237–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, H. H., and Jenness, D. (1925). Songs of the Copper Eskimos, Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913–18, Vol. XIV, Eskimo Songs, Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, W. G. (1976). Inuit and the land in the nineteenth century. In Freeman, M. M. R. (ed.), Inuit Land Use and Occupancy Project, Vol. 2: Supporting Studies, Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa, pp. 123–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, W. G. (1997). The nineteenth century exploration of the Arctic. In Allen, J. (ed.), North American Exploration 4:869–885.

  • Savelle, J. M. (2002). The umialiit-kariyitwhaling complex and prehistoric Thule Eskimo social relations in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Bulletin of National Museum of Ethnology [Osaka] 27(1): 159–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savelle, J. M., and McCartney, A. P. (1988). Geographical and temporal variation in Thule Eskimo subsistence economies: A model. Research in Economic Anthropology 10:21–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savelle, J. M., and McCartney, A. P. (1990). Prehistoric Thule whaling in the Canadian Arctic Islands: Current knowledge and future research directions. In Harington, C. R. (ed.), Canada's Missing Dimension: Science and History in the Canadian Arctic Islands, Vol. II, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, pp. 695–723.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savelle, J. M., and Wenzel, G. W. (2003). Out of Alaska: Reconstructing the social structure of prehistoric Canadian Thule culture. In Habu, J., Savelle, J., Koyama, S., and Hongo, H. (eds.), Hunter-Gatherers of the North Pacific Rim, Senri Ethnological Studies No. 63, National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, pp. 103–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schledermann, P. (1975). Thule Eskimo Prehistory of Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island, Canada, National Museum ofManMercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada Paper No. 38, Ottawa.

  • Shamma, S. A. (2004). Topographic organization is essential for pitch perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(5): 1114–1115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, G. W. (1997). In the Belly of the Whale: Trade and War in Eskimo Society, Aurora, Alaska Anthropological Association Monograph Series VI, Anchorage.

  • Sheppard, W. L. (1998). Population movements, interaction, and legendary geography. Arctic Anthropology 35(2): 147–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. A. (1991). Inujjuamiut Foraging Strategies: Evolutionary Ecology of an Arctic Hunting Economy, Aldine de Gruyter, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, R. F. (1955). Map making of the North Alaskan Eskimo. Proceedings of the Minnesota Academy of Science 23:46–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, R. F. (1959). The North Alaskan Eskimo: A Study in Ecology and Society, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 171, Washington, DC.

  • Spencer, R. F. (1972). The social composition of the North Alaskan whaling crew. In Guemple, L. (ed.), Alliance in Eskimo Society, Proceedings of the American Ethnological Society, 1971, Supplement, University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp. 110–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spink, J., and Moodie, D. W. (1972). Eskimo Maps From the Canadian Eastern Arctic, Cartographica Monograph No. 5, Department of Geography, York University, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steedman, C. (1995). Maps and polar regions: A note on the presentation of childhood subjectivity in fiction of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In Pile, S., and Thrift, N. (eds.), Mapping the Subject: Geographies of Cultural Transformation, Routledge, London, pp. 77–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steen, S., and Lane, R. (1998). Evaluation of habitual activities among two Alaskan Eskimo populations based on musculoskeletal stress markers. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8:341–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenton, D. (1989). Terrestrial Adaptations of Neo-Eskimo Coastal-Marine Hunters on Southern Baf-fin Island, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, M. J. (1996). Indigenous knowledge in environmental assessment. Arctic 49(3): 278–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, A. M., Friesen, T. M., Keith, D., and Henderson, L. (2000). Archaeology and oral history of Inuit land use on the Kazan River, Nunavut: A feature-based approach. Arctic 53(3): 260–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, A. M., Keith, D., and Scottie, J. (2004). Caribou crossings and cultural meanings: Placing traditional knowledge and archaeology in context in an Inuit landscape. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 11(3): 183–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. G. (1985). The Arctic whale cult in Labrador. Etudes/Inuit/Studies 9:121–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, W. E., Jr., and Swinton, G. (1967). Prehistoric Dorset art. The Beaver 298:32–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. (2001). Archaeologies of place and landscape. In Hodder, I. (ed.), Archaeological Theory Today, Polity, Cambridge, pp. 165–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilley, C. (1994).A Phenomenology of Landscape: Places, Paths, and Monuments, Berg, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuan, Y.-F. (1977). Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • van de Velde, F. (1976). Seal sharing partnerships among the Pelly Bay Inuit. In Freeman, M. M. R. (ed.), Inuit Land Use and Occupancy Project, Vol. 2: Supporting Studies, Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa, pp. 187–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warhus, M. (1998). Another America: Native American Maps and the History of Our Land, St. Martin's Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel, G.W. (1981). Clyde Inuit Adaptation and Ecology: The Organization of Subsistence, National Museum of Man Mercury Series, Canadian Ethnology Service Paper No. 77, Ottawa.

  • Wheeler, E. P. (1953). List of Labrador Eskimo Place Names, National Museum of Canada Bulletin No. 131, Anthropological Series No. 34, Ottawa.

  • Whitridge, P. (1991). Ethnoarchaeological field notes, Clyde River, Nunavut, March-April 1991.

  • Whitridge, P. (1999). The Construction of Social Difference in a Prehistoric Inuit Whaling Community, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitridge, P. (2000). Gender, refuse, and spatial practice: A correspondence analysis of floor assemblages from a Classic Thule whaling village in the Canadian Arctic. Paper presented at the 65th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Philadelphia.

  • Whitridge, P. (2001). Zen fish: A consideration of the discordance between artifactual and zooarchaeological evidence for Thule Inuit fish use.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20(1): 3–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitridge, P. (2002a). Gender, households, and the material construction of social difference: Metal consumption at a Classic Thule whaling village. In Frink, L., Shepard, R., and Reinhardt, G. (eds.), Many Faces of Gender: Roles and Relationships Through Time in Indigenous Northern Communities, University Press of Colorado, Boulder, pp. 165–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitridge, P. (2002b). Social and ritual determinants of whale bone transport at a Classic Thule winter site in the Canadian Arctic. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 12:65–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitridge, P. (2003). Thule cyborgs and Dorset chimeras: On the varieties of hybrid agency in arctic prehistory. Paper presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Archaeological Association, Hamilton.

  • Whitridge, P. (in press). Whales, harpoons, and other actors: Actor-network theory and hunter-gatherer archaeology. In Crothers, G. (ed.), Hunters and Gatherers in Theory and Archaeology, Occasional Papers, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Whitridge, P. Landscapes, Houses, Bodies, Things: “Place” and the Archaeology of Inuit Imaginaries. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 11, 213–250 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JARM.0000038067.06670.34

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JARM.0000038067.06670.34

Navigation