Abstract
A systematic study of catalytic ethylation of phenol is carried out with ethanol as a function of feed composition, time on stream (TOS), temperature, and catalyst composition over Cu1 −x Co x Fe2O4 (x=0.0–1.0) ferrospinel system. Phenol ethylation gives 2-ethyl phenol as a major product under the reaction conditions employed, while its selectivity decreases as temperature and Co-content increases. Compositions containing both Cu and Co (0<x<1) are found to be more efficient for better catalytic performance than the end compositions (x=0 and 1); x=0.5 shows the highest catalytic performance. TOS studies clearly exhibit the stable activity for x≤0.75 for at least 50h. X-ray photoemission spectra (XPS) and X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy analysis revealed the partial reduction of metal ions during reaction. Valence band studies clearly show an increase in overlap of metal-ion 3d bands from fresh to spent catalysts by a large decrease in energy gap between them. Cu-rich compositions display a large amount of Cu species on the surface and highlight its importance in the ethylation. High catalytic activity displayed by 0<x<1 emphasizing the importance of both Cu and Co for better catalytic performance.
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Mathew, T., Shiju, N., Bokade, V. et al. Selective Catalytic Synthesis of 2-Ethyl Phenol over Cu1− xCox Fe2O4–Kinetics, Catalysis and XPS Aspects. Catalysis Letters 94, 223–236 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CATL.0000020577.34669.4c
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CATL.0000020577.34669.4c