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A Review of Water Mist Fire Suppression Research and Development, 1996

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Subject 1: Spray Characteristics

  • American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM E-799-92, Standard Practice for Determining Data Criteria and Processing for Liquid Drop Size Analysis, ASTM, 1992.

  • Lefebvre, A., Atomization and Sprays, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, N.Y., 1989.

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  • Mawhinney, J. R., “Characteristics of Water Mists for Fire Suppression in Enclosures,” Proceedings: Halon Alternatives Technical Working Conference 1993, New Mexico Engineering Research Institute (NMERI), Albuquerque, N.M., 1993.

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Subject 2: Spray Dynamics

  • Mawhinney, J. R., Hadjisophocleous, G. V., “The Role of Fire Dynamics in Design of Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems,” Proceedings: Interflam '96, Cambridge, U.K., 1996.

Subject 3: Methods of Generating Water Mist

  • Brown, R., York, J. Louis, “Sprays Formed by Flashing Liquid Jets,” American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal, Vol. 8,No. 21 (May 1962), pp. 149–153

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  • Mawhinney, J. R., “Characteristics of Water Mists for Fire Suppression in Enclosures,” Proceedings: Halon Alternatives Technical Working Conference, Albuquerque, N.M., 1993.

  • Mawhinney, J. R., Taber, B., Su, J. Z., “The Fire Extinguishing Capability of Mists Generated by Flashing of Super-Heated Water,” Proceedings: American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1995 Summer National Meeting, Boston, Mass., 1995.

Subject 4: Extinguishing Mechanisms

  • Braidech, M. M., Neale, J. A., Matson, A. F., Dufour, R. E., The Mechanism of Extinguishment of Fire by Finely Divided Water, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., for the National Board of Fire Underwriters, N.Y., 1955, p. 73.

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  • Coppalle, A., Nedelka, D., Bauer, B., “Fire Protection: Water Curtains,” Fire Safety Journal, 20, 1993, pp. 241–255.

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  • Mawhinney, J. R., Dlugogorski, B. Z., Kim, A. K., “A Closer Look at the Extinguishing Properties of Water Mist,” Proceedings: International Association for Fire Safety Science (IAFSS) Conference, Ottawa, Canada, 1994.

  • Mawhinney, J. R., “Engineering Criteria for Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems,” Proceedings of Water Mist Fire Suppression Workshop, NIST, Gaithersburg, Md., 1993.

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  • Rasbash, D. J., Rogowski, Z. W., Stark, G. W. V., “Mechanisms of Extinction of Liquid Fuel Fires with Water Sprays,” Combustion and Flame, 4, 1960, pp. 223–234.

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  • Ravigururajan, T. E., Beltrav, M. P., “A Model for Attenuation of Fire Radiation through Water Droplets,” Fire Safety Journal, 15:2, 1989, pp. 171–181.

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  • Wighus, R., “Extinguishment of Enclosed Gas Fires with Water Spray,” Proceedings: Third International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1991.

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Subject 5: Use of Additives

  • Mawhinney, J. R., “Design of Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems for Shipboard Enclosures,” Proceedings: International Conference on Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems, Borås, Sweden, 1993.

Subject 6: Computer Modelling: Computational Fluid Dynamics

  • Hadjisophocleous, G. V., Kim, A. K., Knill, K., Physical and Numerical Modelling of the Interaction Between Water Sprays and a Fire Plume, National Research Council, Canada, 1994.

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Subject 7: Water Mist on Class A Combustibles

  • Budnick, E. K., et al., Feasibility Study of Water Mist Applications for Residential Fires, prepared for U.S. Fire Administration, Emmitsburg, Md., 1995.

  • International Maritime Organization (IMO), Draft Test Protocol for Equivalent Sprinkler System for Cabin and Corridor Fires, July 1995.

  • IMO, Water-Based Fire Extinguishing Systems in Accommodation and Public Space Areas on Board Ships, IMO Fire Test Procedures Correspondence Group submittal for the IMO Fire Protection Subcommittee, June 1994

  • Log, T., Cannon-Brookes, P., “Water Mist for Fire Protection of Historic Buildings and Museums,” Museum Management and Curatorship, Vol. 14,No. 3, 1995, pp. 283–298.

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  • Meland, Ø., Jensen, G., Sjur H., “Water Mist to Protect Wooden Historic Structures,” Proceedings: Second International Symposium on Fire Protection of Ancient Monuments, Cracow, Poland, 1994.

Subject 8: Water Mist on Class B Fuels (Liquid Hydrocarbons)

  • Back, G. G., et al., Full-Scale Testing of Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems in Machinery Spaces (Phases I and II), Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. (in review).

  • Back, G. G., et al., Full-Scale Testing of Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems in Machinery Spaces, U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center, Groton, Conn. (in review).

  • Berner, F., Vemmestad, J., “Development of Fine Water Spray Technology for Application on BP Norwegian Continental Shelf Offshore Installations ULA and GYDA,” Proceedings: Halon Alternatives Conference, Phoenix, Ariz., 1993.

  • Mawhinney, J. R., Carpenter, D. W., Waterfog Fire Suppression System Project Full Scale Fire Tests Summary Report, for Department of National Defence, Canada, Navy (DMEE 4-2), Client Report CR-A4007.4, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, 1993.

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  • Wighus, R., Aune, P., Drangsholt, G., Stensaas, J. P., “Fine Water Spray System—Extinguishing Tests in Medium-and Full-Scale Turbine Hood,” Proceedings of the International Water Mist Conference, Swedish Testing Institute, Borås, Sweden, 1993.

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Subject 9: Combined Water Mist Plus Inert Gases

  • Maranghides, A., Black, B., Sheinson, R. S., Smith, W. D., Peatross, M., “The Effects of Indirect Cooling on Real-Scale Halon 1301 Replacement Testing and Post-Fire Suppression Compartment Reclamation,” Proceedings: Halon Alternatives Technical Working Conference, New Mexico Engineering Research Institute, Albuquerque, N.M., 1996.

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Subject 10: Explosion (Deflagration) Suppression

  • Butz, J., “Use of Fine Water Sprays to Mitigate Hydrogen Gas Deflagrations,” Proceedings: Halon Alternatives Conference, New Mexico Engineering Research Institute, Albuquerque, N. M., 1993.

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  • Jones, A., Thomas, G. O., “The Action of Water Sprays on Fires and Explosions,”, Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, 71: Part B, 1993, pp. 41–49.

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  • Thomas, G. O., Edwards, J. J., Edwards, D. H., “Studies of Detonation Quenching by Water Sprays,” Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 71, 1990, pp. 233–245.

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Subject 11: Water Mist Systems for Aircraft

  • Civil Aviation Authority, U.K., International Cabin Water Spray Research Management Group: Conclusions of Research Programme, CAA Paper 93012, 1993.

  • Hill, R. G., Marker, T. R., Sarkos, C. P., “Evaluation and Optimization of an On-Board Water Spray Fire Suppression System in Aircraft,” Proceedings of Water Mist Fire Suppression Workshop, NIST, Gaithersburg, Md., 1993.

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Subject 12: Water Mist on Electronic Equipment

  • Botting, R., Beaumont, P., Research Project Concerning Fire Protection of BPO-Type Main Distribution Frames in Telephone Exchanges, Telecom New Zealand Limited, 1993.

  • Grosshandler, W., Lowe, D., Notarianni, K., Rinkinen, W., Protection of Data Processing Equipment with Fine Water Sprays, NIST IR 5514, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md. 1994.

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  • Mawhinney, J. R., “Findings of Experiments Using Water Mist for Fire Suppression in an Electronic Equipment Room,” Proceedings: Halon Options Technical Working Conference, Albuquerque, N.M., 1996.

  • Morgan, R., The Effects of Water Borne Electrolytic Corrosion on Live Electronic Equipment, Part II, School of Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1994.

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  • Verlo, T., The Use of Water as an Extinguishant in Live Electrical Installations, conducted for the Norwegian Electric Power Research Institute, by SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway, 1991.

Subject 13: Zoning and Control of Water Mist Systems

  • Custer, R. J. P., Mawhinney, J. R., Performance Criteria for an Intelligent Fire Detection System for Telecommunications Facilities, Client Report A4078.2 for Department of National Defence, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, 1996.

  • Mawhinney, J. R., Taber, B., Summary Report for the Combined Intelligent Fire Detection and Water Mist Fire Suppression System Project, Client Report A4078.1 for Department of National Defence, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 1996.

Subject 14: Manual Fire Suppression Using Water Mist

  • Pietrzak, L. M., “Recent Research and Future Requirements for Modeling Fire Suppression Effectiveness,” Proceedings: First International Conference on Fire Suppression Research, Stockholm, Sweden, 1992.

Subject 15: Health Effects of Exposure to Water Mist

  • Cortina, T. A., ed., Water Mist Fire Suppression System Health Hazard Evaluation: Response to Questions Posed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Halon Alternatives Research Corporation, (HARC) Washington, D.C., 1995.

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Subject 16: Standards Development

  • Factory Mutual Research Corporation, Approval Report: Fire-Scope 2000 Fine Water Spray System for the Protection of Gas Turbines in Enclosures with Volumes Up to and Including, 2825 ft3 (80 m3), prepared for Securiplex, Inc., Dorval, Canada, 1995.

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  • International Maritime Organization (IMO), Draft Test Method for Equivalent Sprinkler System for Class A Machinery Compartments (Up to 500 m3) Volume, 1995.

  • IMO, Draft Test Protocol for Equivalent Sprinkler System for Cabin and Corridor Fires, 1995.

  • IMO, Water-Based Fire Extinguishing Systems in Accommodation and Public Space Areas on Board Ships, IMO Fire Test Procedures Correspondence Group submittal for the IMO Fire Protection Subcommittee, 1994.

  • NFPA 750, Installation of Water Mist Fire Protection Systems, 1996 edition, NFPA, Quincy, Mass., 1996.

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  • Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Draft Standard for Water Mist Nozzles for Fire Protection Service, UL 2167, Northbrook, Ill., 1996.

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Acceptable Substitutes for the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program,” 40 CFR Part 82, U.S. Federal Register, Vol. 60,No. 145 (Friday, July 28, 1995), p. 38731.

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Subject 17: Technology Transfer

  • Back G. G., “1995 Progress Report: Water Mist Fire Suppression System Technologies,” SFPE Bulletin, Fall 1995, pp, 11–18.

  • Jason, N, Notarianni, K., eds., Proceedings of Water Mist Fire Suppression Workshop, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md., 1993.

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  • Mawhinney, J. R., “Water Mist Suppression Systems May Solve an Array of Fire Protection Problems,” NFPA Journal, NFPA, Quincy, Mass., May/June, 1994, pp. 46–57.

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  • Mawhinney, J. R., Solomon, R., “Principles of Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems,” Fire Protection Handbook, 18th edition, NFPA, Quincy, Mass., 1997.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hughes Associates, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland

    J. R. Mawhinney

  2. National Fire Laboratory, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada

    J. K. Richardson

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  1. J. R. Mawhinney
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  2. J. K. Richardson
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Mawhinney, J.R., Richardson, J.K. A Review of Water Mist Fire Suppression Research and Development, 1996. Fire Technology 33, 54–90 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015322428719

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