Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Barbels and barbel-like tentacular structures in sub-mammalian vertebrates: a review

  • Published:
Hydrobiologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The following account is a synthesis of current knowledge on the barbels/tentacles of an array of submammalian forms and for the first time compares and contrasts their structure and function. In addition, the extensive background information on the homology and phylogeny of these structures is reviewed and evaluated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agarwal, V. P. & V. K. Rajbanshi 1965. Morphology and histology of the cutaneous sense organs of Mystus vittatus (BP.). Proceedings of the India Academy of Sciences B 61: 39–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, R. McN., 1965. Structure and function in the catfish. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 148: 88–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, R. McN., 1966. The function and mechanics of the protrusible upper jaws of two species of cyprinid fish. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 149: 289–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ananjeva, N. B., M. E. Dilmuchamedov & T. N. Matveyeva, 1991. The sense organs of some iguanian lizards. Journal of Herpetology 25: 186–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E. & J. J. Kollros, 1962. The ultrastructure and development of balancers in Ambystoma embryos with special reference to the basement membrane. Journal of Ultrastructural Research 6: 35–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arai, R., 1982. A chromosome study on two cyprinid fishes Acrossocheilus labiatus and Pseudorasbora pumila pumila, witb notes on Eurasian cyprinids and their karyotypes. Bull. natn. Sci.Mus., Tokyo Series A (Zoology) 8: 131–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atema, J., 1971. Structure and function of the sense of taste in the catfish (Ictalurus natalis). Brain Behavior Evolution 4: 273–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atoda, K., 1935. The larva of the catfish: Parasilurus asotus L. Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University. Biology 1: 29–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badenhorst, H., 1978. The development and the phylogeny of the organ of Jacobson and the tentacular apparatus of Ichthyophis glutinosus (Linne). Annals of the University of Stellenbosch A 2 (Zoology) 1: 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baeker, R., 1926. Beitrage zur Histologic der Barteln der Fische. Zeitschrift fur Mikroskopische Anatomie Forschungsreisen 6: 488–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baranescu, P. & B. W. Coad, 1991. Cyprinids of Eurasia. In Win-field, I. J. & J. S. Nelson (eds), Cyprinid Fishes: Systematics, Biology and Exploitation. London, New York, Chapman & Hall: 127–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardach, J. E. & J. Atema, 1971. The sense of taste in fishes. In L. M. Beidler (ed.) Handbook of Sensory Physiology 4. Chemical and Sensory Taste, Part 2, Taste. Heidelberg, Springer: 293–336.

  • Bardach, J. E., J. H. Todd & R. Crickner, 1967. Orientation by taste in fish of the genus Ictalurus. Science 155: 276–1278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardach, J. E., G. H. Johnson & J. Todd, 1969. Orientation by bulk messenger sensors for aquatic vertebrates. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 163: 227–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Bartheld, C. S. & D. L. Meyer, 1985). Trigeminal and facial innervation of cirrhi in three teleost species. Cell Tissue Research 241: 615–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, W., 1890. The sense organs and perceptions of fishes, with remarks on the supply of bait. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 1: 225–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bath, H., 1962. Vergleichende biologische-anatomische Untersuchungen uber die Leistungsfahigkeit der Sinnesorgane fur den Machrungsgewerb, ihre gegenseitige Abbangikeit und ihre Beziehungen zum Bau des Gehirns bei Verschieden knochen Fischarten. Zeitschrift fur wíssenschaftliche Zoologie 166: 238–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beebe, W., 1933. Deep-sea stomiatoid fishes. One new genus and eight new species. Copei 1933, No. 4: 160–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Beer, G. R., 1950. The Vertebrate Skull. Oxford University Press.

  • Beidler, L. M., & R. L. Smallman, 1965. Renewal of cells within taste buds, J. Cell Biol. 27: 263–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, T., 1907. On regeneration and transplantation of the balancers of embryos of Diemyctylus (with a note on the external gills). Anatomische Anzeiger 31: 283–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellairs, A. d'A., 1969. The life of Reptiles. Vols. 1 & 2. London, Weidenfeld & Nicholson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, M., 1990. The cranial cartilage of teleosts and their classification. Journal of Anatomy 169: 153–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertin, L., 1958. Peau et Pigmentation. In Grasse, P. (ed.) Traite de Zoologie XIII Paris, Masson: 433–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatti, I. H., 1952. On the cutaneous sense organs of a common silurid fish, Rita rita (Hamilton). Proceedings of the National Institute of Science India 18: 547–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhimacher, B. S., 1935. A study of the correlation beween the feeding habits and the structure of the hind brain in the South Indian cyprinoid fishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 117: 258–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhimacher B. S., 1937: A study of the medulla oblongata of cyprinodont fishes with special reference to their feeding habits. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 123: 59–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biedenbach, M. A., 1971. Functional properties of barbel mechanoreceptors in catfish. Brain Research 27: 360–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biedenbach, M. A., 1973. Functional properties and projection areas of cutaneous receptors in catfish. J. comp. Physiol. 84: 277–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billo, R. & M. Wake, 1987. Tentacle development of Dermophis mexicanus (Amphibia, Gymnophiona) with an hypothesis of tentacle origin. J. Morph. 192: 101–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhme W., 1989. Rediscovery of the Sumatran agamid lizard Harpesaurus beccarii Doria 1888 with the first notes on a live species. Tropical Zoology 2: 31–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breipohl, W., G. J. Bijvant & G. Pfefferkorn, 1974. Scanning electron microscopy of various sensory receptor cells in different vertebrates, In Johari, O. & J. Gavin (eds), Proceedings of the Workshop for the Advancement of Biomedical Application of the SEM. Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois: 557–564.

  • Cannone, A. J. & P. J. Kelly, 1977. The tentacles of Xenopus laevis tadpoles – Evidence for a mechano-receptive role. South African Medical Journal 52: 407 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caprio J., 1975. High sensitivity of catfish taste receptors to amino acids. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 52A: 247–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caprio J., 1988. Peripheral filters and chemoreceptor cells in fishes. In Atema, J., R. R. Fay, A. N. Popper & W. N. Tavolga (eds), Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals. Heidelberg, New York, Springer: 313–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Changolin, L. & S. Zuohua, 1981. Studies on the submicroscopic structure of taste buds in the barbels of the catfish (Parasilurus asotus). Acta Zool. Sinica 27: 228–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemmer, G. H. & R. D. Suttkus, 1971. Hybopsis lineapunctata, a new cyprinid fish from the upper Alabama river system. Tylane Studies Zoology and Botany 17: 21–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochran, P. A., 1987. Burbot (Lota lota) barbels and the evolution of regenerative capabilities. Copeia 1987, Number 2: 515–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collette, B., G. E. McGowan, N. V. Parin & S. Mito, 1984. Beloniformes: Development and Relationships. In Ontogeny and Systematics in Fishes. Symposium Volume La Jolla California, 1983: American Society for Ichthyology and Herpetoloy: 335–354.

  • Compagno, L. J. V., 1988. Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, M. H. & H. V. Neal, 1921. Are the taste buds of elasmobranchs endodermal in origin? Journal of Comparative Neurology 33: 45–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook R. D., R. W. Hilliard & I. C. Potter, 1990. Oral papillae of adults of the Southern hemisphere lamprey Geotria australis. J. Morph. 203: 87–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coombs, S. R. Gorner & H. Muntz, 1989. The mechanosensory lateral line. Neurobiology and Evolution. Heidelberg, New York, Springer: 724 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordier, R., 1964. Sensory cells. In Brachet, J. & A. E. Mirsky (eds), The Cell (Biochemistry, Physiology and Morphology) 6: 313–386.

  • Cortes, M. T., 1968. Consideraciones sobre el genero Notropis y descripcion de una especie nueva. Procedente del rio Atoyac en Juchatengo, Oax, Mexico. Anales Escudo Nationale Ciencias Biologia Mexico 15: 185–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, M., G. A. Lowe & M. S. Laverack, 1975. On the ultrastructure and permeability of taste buds of the marine teleost Ciliata mustela. Tissue and Cell 7: 191–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, J. T., 1912. Reptiles, Amphibians, Fishes and Lower Chordates. Animal Life and Evolutionary History, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, B. J. & R. J. Miller, 1967. Brain patterns of the genus Hybopsis in relation to feeding habits and habitat. Copeia. 1967, No.1: 1–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desgranges, J.-C., 1965. Sur l'existence de plusieurs types de cellules sensorielles dans les bourgeons du gout des barbillons du Poisson-chat. C. r. Acad. Sci. Paris 261: 1095–1098.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desgranges, J.-C., 1966. Sur la double innervation des cellules sensorielles des bourgeons du gout des barbillons du Poisson-chat. C. r. Acad. Sci. Paris 263: 1103–1106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desgranges, J.-C., 1972. Sur les bourgeons du gout du Poisson-chat Ictalurus melas: ultrastructure des cellules basales. C. r. Acad. Sci. Paris 274: 1814–1817.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desgranges, J.-C., 1978. Nerves and taste bud degeneration in the catfish Ictalurus melas. Experientia 34: 1072–1073.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dijkgraaf, S., 1963. The functioning and significance of the lateral line organs. Biol. Rev. 38: 51–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dilly, P. N., 1971. The structure of the tentacles of Rhabdopleura compacta (Hemichordata) with special reference to neurociliary control. Zeitschrift Zellforschungsreisen 129: 20–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dogiel, A. S., 1897. Uber die Nervendigungen in den Geschmacksendknospen der Ganoiden. Archiv fur Mikroskopische Anatomie 49: 769–790.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ducros, C., 1953–1954. Les barbillons et l'organ palatin de Misgurnus fossilis Linne et de Cobitis barbatula Linne. Travaux de Laboratoire d'Hydrobiologie et de Pisciculture de l'Universite de Grenoble 45 et 46: 55–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, L. P., 1930. Origin of taste buds in the oro-pharyngeal cavity of the carp. Ohio Journal of Science 30: 385–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eglmeier, W., 1987. The development of the Merkel cells in the tentacles of Xenopus laevis larvae. Anatomy Embryology 176: 493–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, H. M., 1940. The Brain and Body of a Fish. London, The Technical Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahay, M. P. & D. F. Markle, 1984. Gadiformes: Development and Relationships. In Ontogeny and Systematics of Fishes. Symposium Volume La Jolla. California, 1983. American Society for Ichthyology and Herpetology: 265–283.

  • Finger, T. E., 1976. Gustatory pathways in the bullhead catfish. 1. Connections of the anterior ganglion. Journal of Comparative Neurology 165: 513–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finger, T. E., 1983. The gustatory system in teleost fish. In Northcutt, R. G. & R. E. Davis (eds), Neurobiology. Brain Stem and Sense Organs. Michigan, University of Michigan Press: 285–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finger, J. E. 1988. Organization of chemosensory systems within the brain of bony fishes. In Atema, J., R. R. Fay, A. N. Popper & W. N. Tavolga (eds), Heidelberg, New York, Springer: 339–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finger, J. E., & B. Bottger, 1990. Transcellular labeling of taste bud cells by carbocyanine dye (DiI) applied to peripheral nerves in the barbels of the catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Journal of Comparative Neurology 302: 884–892.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink W. L., 1984. Stomiiformes: Relationships. In Ontogeny and Systematics of Fishes. Symposium Volume La Jolla, California, 1983. American Society for Ichthyology and Herpetology: 181–184.

  • Fink, S. V. & W. L. Fink, 1981. Interrelationships of the ostariophysan fishes. J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 72: 297–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, H., 1955. Early development of two subspecies of the salamander Triturus cristatus. Copeia 1955, No. 2: 131–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, H., 1983. The skin of Ichthyophis (Amphibia: Caecilia): an ultrastructural study. J. Zool. Lond. 199: 223–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, H., 1985a. Balancer fine structure of the Pleurodeles larva. Acta Zool. (Stockholm) 66: 97–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, H., 1985b. The tentacles of Ichthyophis (Amphibia: Caecilia) with special reference to the skin. J. Zool. Lond. 205: 223–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, H., 1986a. Changes in amphibian skin during larval development and metamorphosis. In Balls, M. & M. Bownes (eds), Metamorphosis, Symposium Volume No. 8. British Society for Development of Biology. Oxford, Clarendon Press: 59–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, H., 1986b. The skin of the Amphibia. In Bereiter-Hahn, J., A. G. Matoltsy & K. S. Richards (eds). Heidelberg, Springer: 78–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, H., 1987. On the fine structure of the skin of larval, juvenile and adult Ichthyophis (Amphibia: Caecilia). Zoomorphology 107: 67–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, H., 1992. Figures of Eberth in the amphibian larval epidermis. J. Morph. 212: 87–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, H., & J. Durand 1990. Examination of the effect or thyroid hormones on the skin of the neotenic Proteus anguinus. European Archives of Biology. Bruxelles. 101: 269–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, H., B. Lane & M. Whitear, 1980. Sensory nerve endings and receptors in fish and amphibians. In Spearman, R. I. C. & P. A. Riley (eds), Linnean Society Symposium Volume, Series No. 9: 271–281.

  • Fox, H. & M. Whitear, 1978. Observations on Merkel cells in amphibians. Biologie Cellulaire 32: 223–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsch, B., 1981. The pattern of lateral line afferents in urodeles: A horseradish peroxide study. Cell Tissue Research. 218: 581–594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsch, B., 1988. The lateral line and inner ear afferents in larval and adult urodeles. Brain Behaviour Evolution 31: 325–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsch, B. & V. Wahnschaffe, 1983. The electroreceptive ampullary organs of urodeles. Cell Tissue Research 229: 483–503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsch, B., V. Wahnschaffe & M. D. Crapon de Crapona, 1985. Anatomical evidence for electroreception in larval Ichthyophis kohtaoensis. Naturwissenschaften 72: 102–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulman, L. A., 1984. Ostariophysi: development and relationships. In Ontogeny and Systematics in Fishes. Symposium Volume La Jolla, California. American Society for Ichthyology and Herpetology: 126–137.

  • Fujimoto, S. & K. Yamamoto, 1980. Electron microscopy of terminal buds on the barbels of the silurid fish, Corydoras paleatus. Anatomical Record 197: 133–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, H., 1909. Amphibia and Reptiles. In Harmer, F. & A. E. Shipley (eds), Cambridge Natural History. 88. London, Macmillan.

  • Gallien, L. & M. Durocher, 1951. Table chronologique du développement chez Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. Bull. Biol. Fr. Belg. 91: 97–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgieva, V., R. A. Patzner & H. Adam, 1979. Transmissions – und rasterelek-tronen-mikroskopische Untersuchungen an den Sinnesknospen der Tentakeln von Myxine glutinosa L. (Cyclostomata). Zool. Sci. 8: 61–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geraudie, J. & M. Singer, 1977. Morphologic effects of denervation on the taste buds of the catfish barbel. Experimental Neurology 57: 1012–1025.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghiot, F. & N. Bouchez, 1980. The central rod of the barbels of a South American catfish, Pimelodes clarias. Copeia, 1980, No. 4: 908–909.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, C. R. & R. M. Bailey, 1972. Systematics and zoogeography of the American cyprinid fish Notropis (Opsopoeodus) emiliae. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology. University of Michigan. No. 664: 1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, D., 1966. Untersuchungen uber absoluten Geschmacksschwellen von Fischen. Zeitschrift Vergleichen Physiologie 52: 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graziedei, P. P. C., 1969. The ultrastructure of vertebrate taste buds. In Hoffman, E. (ed.), Olfaction and Taste 3. New York, Rockefeller University Press: 315–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, P. H., D. E. Rosen, S. H. Weitzman & G. S. Myers, 1966. Phyletic studies on teleostean fishes with a provisional classification of living forms. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 131: 341–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grizzle, J. M. & W. A. Rogers, 1976. Anatomy and Histology of the Channel Catfish. Alabama, Auburn University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grover-Johnson, N. & A. I. Farbman, 1976. Fine structure of the taste buds in the barbel of the catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Cell Tissue Research 169: 395–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guth, L., 1971. Degeneration and regeneration of taste buds, In L. M. Beidler (ed). Chemical Senses, Taste, 4. Heidelberg, New York, Springer: 63–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, D. E., 1973. Comments on tentacle structure and function in Erpeton tentaculatum (Serpentes: Colubridae). Journal of Herpetology 7: 304–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamburger, V., 1950. A Manual of Experimental Embryology. Illinois, University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R. G., 1925. The development of the balancer in Ambystoma, studied by the method of transplantation and in relation to the connective tissue problem. J. exp. Zool. 41: 349–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartline, P. H., 1967. The unbelievable fringed turtle. International Turtle and Tortoise Journal 1: 24–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, B. P. & A. Roberts, 1983. The anatomy of two functional types of mechanoreceptive free nerve endings in the head skin of Xenopus embryos. Proceedings of the Royal Society London, B 218: 61–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrick C. J., 1901. The cranial nerves and cutaneous sense organs of the North American siluroid fishes. Journal of Comparative Neurology 11: 177–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrick, C. J., 1903. The organ and sense of taste in fishes. Bulletin of the U.S. Laboratory Fish Commission, Washington 1902, 22: 237–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herring, P. T., 1982. Aspects of the bioluminescence of fishes. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Rev. 20: 415–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirata Y., 1966. Fine structure of the terminal buds on the barbels of some fishes Archivum Histologicum Japonicum 26: 507–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, G. J., 1991. Systematics and biogeography: an overview. In Winfield, I. J. & J. S. Nelson (eds), Cyprinid Fishes: Systematics, Biology and Exploitation. London, New York, Chapman & Hall: 1–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbs, C. L. & W. R. Crowe, 1956. Preliminary analysis ot the American cyprinid fishes, seven new, referred to the genus Hybopsis, subgenus erimystax. Occasional Papers Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan No. 578: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoagland, H., 1933. Specific nerve impulses from gustatory and tactile receptors. Journal of General Physiology 16: 685–693.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakubowski, M., 1983. New details of the ultrastructure (transmission electronmicroscopy, scanning electronmicroscopy) of taste buds in fishes. Zeitschrift fur Mikroskopische Anatomische Forschung (Leipzig) 97: 849–862.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakubowski, M. & M. Whitear, 1990. Comparative morphology and cytology of taste buds in teleosts. Zeitschrift fur Mikroskopische Anatomische Forschung (Leipzig) 104: 529–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jobert, C., 1872. Etude d'anatomie comparèe sur les organes du toucher chez divers mammiferes, oiseaux, poissons et insectes. Annales des Sciences Naturales Zoologie. XVI: Arts 5, Revue Cours Scientifique, IV, 1873: 636–637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyce, E. & G. B. Chapman, 1978. Fine structure of the nasal barbel of the channel cattish Ictalurus punctatus. J. Morph. 158: 109–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamrin, R. P. & M. Singer, 1953. Influence of sensory neurones isolated from the central nervous system on maintenance of taste buds and regeneration of barbels in the catfish, Ameiurus nebulosus. American Journal of Physiology 174: 146–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamrin R. P. & M. Singer, 1955. The influence of the nerves on regeneration and maintenance of the barbel of the catfish, Ameiurus nebulosus. J. Morph. 96: 173–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapoor, B. G. & S. C. Bhargava, 1967. A study on the barbels of a marine catfish, Arias thalassinus (Rupp.). Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 14: 201–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapoor, B. G., H. E. Evans & R. A. Pevzner, 1975. The gustatory systcn in fish. In Russell, F. S. & M. Yonge (eds), Advances in Marine Biology. London, New York, Academic Press: 53–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karamchandani, S. J. & M. P. Motwani, 1955. Early life history, bionomics and breeding of Rita rita (Hamilton). J. zool. Soc. India 7: 115–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karamchandani, S. J. & M. P. Motwani, 1956. On the larval development of four species of freshwater catfishes from the River Ganga. J. Zool. Soc. India 8: 1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawaguchi, K. & H. G. Moser, 1984. Stomiatoidea: Development. In Ontogeny and Systematics of Fishes. Symposium Volume La Jolla, California, American Society for Ichthyology and Herpetology: 169–181.

  • Khanna, S. S. & H. R. Singh, 1966. Morphology of the teleostean brain in relation to feeding habits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India. B 36: 306–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinnamon, J. C., 1937. Organization and innervation of taste buds. In Finger, T. E. & W. L. Silver (eds), Neurobiology of Taste and Smell. New York, J. Wiley: 277–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitoh, K. S., Kiyohara S. & S. Yamashita, 1987. Fine structure of taste buds in the minnow. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 53: 1943–1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kollros, J. J., 1940. The disappearance of the balancer in Amblystoma larvae. J. Exp. Zool. 85: 33–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolmer, W., 1927. In H. von Mollendorff (ed.) Geschmacksorganes. Handbuch der Mikroskopisch Anatomie des Menschen. Berlin, Springer: 157–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotrschal, K., M. Whitear & H. Adam, 1984. Morphology and histology of the anterior dorsal fin of Gaidropsarus mediterraneus (Pisces, Teleostei): a specialized sensory organ. Zoomorphology 104: 365–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutrschal, K., R. Brandstatter, A. Gomahr, H. Junger, M. Palzenberger & M. Zaunreiter, 1991. Brain and sensory systems. In Winfield, I. J. & J. S. Nelson (eds), Cyprinid Fishes: Systematics, Biology and Exploitation. London, New York, Chapman & Hall: 284–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalevskaya, N. V., 1982. Superfluous reproduction and development of flying fishes of the family exocoetidae. Journal of Ichthyology (Engl. Transl. Vopr. Ikhtiol.), 22: 48–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, C. F. & J. Caprio, 1993. Taste and tactile responsiveness of neurons in the posterior diencephalon of the channel catfish. Journal of Comparative Neurology 337: 419–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landacre, F. L., 1907. On the place of origin and method of contribution of taste buds in Ameiurus melas. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology 17: 1–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landmann, L., 1975. The sense organs in the skin of the head of Squamata (Reptilia). Israel Journal of Zoology 4: 99–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, E. B., 1977. Structural aspects of skin sensitivity in the catfish Ictalurus. Ph. D. Thesis. University of London.

  • Lane, E. B. & M. Whitear, 1977. On the occurrence of Merkel cells in the epidermis of teleost fishes. Cell Tissue Research 182: 235–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, E. B. & Whitear, 1982. Sensory structures at the surface of fish skin. 1. putative receptors. J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 75: 141–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, S., 1931. The integument of Sauropsids. In Bolke, L. (ed.), Handbuch der Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere 1: 375–448.

  • Leydig, F., 1851. Ueber die aussere Haut einiger Subwasserfische. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 3: 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leydig, F., 1868. Ueber die Schleichenlurche (Caecilinae). Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 18: 280–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Lucowicz, M., 1966. Uber die Barteln und die Lippen Epidermis verscheidener agyptischer Subwasserfische mit einiger Versuchen zum Geschmackssin. Zool. Anz. Leipzig 176: 396–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maclean, S., 1980. Ultrastructure of epidermal sensory receptors in Amphibolurus barbatus. (Lacertilia: Agamidae). Cell Tissue Research 210: 43–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maisey, J. G., 1984. Higher elasmobranch phylogeny and biostratigraphy. J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 82: 33–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, R. M., 1925. The relation of nerves to degenerating and regenerating taste buds. J. Exp. Zool. 42: 371–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meng, F., 1923. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Morphologie der Barteln einiger Fische. Zool. Jb. Anat. Ontog. Tiere 45: 149–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merkel, F.,1880. Uber die Endigungen der sensiblen Nerven in den Haut der Wirbeltiere. Rostock, Stiller.

  • Mookerjee, H. K., D. N. Ganguly & P. S. Mookerjee, 1950. Study on the structures of the brain of some Indian fishes in relation to their feeding habits. Proc. Zool. Soc. Beng. 3: 119–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, G. A., 1950. The cutaneous sense organs of barbeled minnows adapted to life in the muddy waters of the Great Plains regions. Trans. am. microsc. Soc. 69: 69–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morap Morgensen, J. & A. Flock, 1973. The ultrastructure of lateral line sense organs in the adult salamander Ambystoma mexicanum. Journal of Neurocytology 2: 133–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser, H. G., E. H. Ahlstrom & J. R. Paxton, 1984. Myctophidae; Development. In Ontogeny and Systematics of Fishes. Symposium Volume La Jolla California, 1983. American Society for Ichthyology and Herpetology. 218–239.

  • Murayama, T., 1928. Uber die Balanzierstrange bei Hynobius larven. Folia Anatomy Japan 6: 375–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nada, O., K. Hirata, 1977. The monoamine-containing cell in the gustatory epithelium of some vertebrates. Archivum Histologicum Japonicum 40: (Suppl.): 197–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagar, S. K. & R. P. Mathur, 1958. Morphological and histological observations on the barbels of a few Indian freshwater teleosts. Proc. Zool. Soc. Beng. 11: 65–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, O., 1938. Studies on amphibian metamorphosis. V. Experiments on the disappearance of the balanoer in urodele, Triturus pyrrhogaster (Boie). Botany Zoology 6: 1051–1055.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, J. S., 1984. Fishes of the World. 2nd edn. London, J.Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichol, J. A. C., 1967. The luminescence in fishes. Symposium Volume of the Zoological Society of London No. 19: 27–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholas, J. S., 1924. The development of the balancer in Ambystoma tigriniam. Anatomical Record 28: 317–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieukoop, P. D. & J. Faber, 1956. Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). Amsterdam, North Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman, J. R., 1926. The development of the chondrocranium of the eel (Anguilla vulgaris) with observations on tbe comparative morphology and development of tbe chondrocranium in bony fishes. Phil. Trans. r. Soc. B 2l4: 369–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman, J. C., 1975. A History of Fishes. London, Ernest Benn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olivo, 0. M., 1928. Degenerazione di organi sensativi in Ameiurus nebulosus. Bolletino della Societa Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale 3: 1019–1023.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olmstead, J. M. L., 1920a. The nerve as a formative influence in the development of the taste buds. Journal of Comparative Neurology 3l: 465–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olmstead, J. M. L., 1920b. The results of cutting the seventh cranial nerve in Ameiurus nebulosus (Lessueur). J. Exp. Zool. 31: 369–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olinstead, J. M. L., 1921. Effects of cutting the lingual nerve in the dog. Journal of Comparative Neurology 33: 149–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ono, R. D., 1979. Sensory nerve endings of highly mobile structures in two marine teleost fishes. Zoomorphologie 92: 107–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ono, P. D., 1982. Structure of tendon organs in fishes of the genus Polymixia. Zoomorphologie 99: 131–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ovalle, W. K., 1976. The larval tentacle of an anuran amphibian tadpole: muscle fiber ultrastructure and innervation. Anatomical Record 184: 494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ovalle, W. K., 1979. Neurite complexes with Merkel cells in larval tentacles of Xenopus laevis. Cell Tissue Research 204: 233–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • OvaIle, W. K. & L. Shinn, 1977. Surface morphology of taste buds in catfish barbels. Cell Tissue Research 178: 375–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parducz, A. L., R. A. Cooper, C. J. Turner & J. Diamond, 1977. The Merkel cells and the rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors of the salamander skin. Neuroscience 2: 511–521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, H. W., 1963. Snakes. London, Robert Hale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parr, A. E. 1933. Two new records or deep sea fishes trom New England with description of a new genus and species. Copeia 1933, No. 4: 176–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, N. F., 1939. The olfactory organ and tentacles of Xenopus laevis. South African Journal of Science 36: 390–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patzner, R. A., V. Georgieva V. & H. Adam, 1977. Sinneszellen an den Tentakeln der Schleimaale Myxine glutinosa und Eptatretus burgeri (Cyclostomata). Eine rasterelektronenoptische Untersuchung. Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften No. 5: 77–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, M. M. & C. H. Waddington, 1966. The ultrastructure of the cement gland in Xenopus laevis. Journal of Cell Science 1: 193–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pevzner, R. A., 1976. Electronmicroscope study of the taste buds of elasmobranchs, Trigon pastinaca and Raia clavata. Tsitologia 18: 560–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pevzner, F. A., 1981a. The fine structure of taste buds of the ganoid fishes. I. Adult Acipenseridae. Tsitologia 23: 760–766.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pevzner, R. A., 1981b. The fine structure of taste buds of the ganoid fishes. II. Fries during endo-exogenous feeding. Tsitologia 23: 867–873.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pevzner, R. A., 1985. The fine structure of taste buds of the ganoid fishes. III. In fry during endogenous feeding. Tsitologia 27: 1240–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer, W., 1977. The distribution of fright reaction and alarm substance cells in fishes. Copeia 1977, No. 4: 653–665.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, H. B., 1894. The "cirrhostomial" origin of the head of vertebrates. Anatomische Anzeiger 9: 349–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, H. B., 1895. The oral cirri of silurids and the origin of the head in vertebrates. Zool. Jb. Anat. Ontog. Tiere 8: 379–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raderman-Little, R., 1979. The effect of temperature on the turnover of taste bud cells in catfish. Cell Tissue Kinetics 12: 269–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raffin-Peyloz R., 1955. Etude histologique des barbillons de quelques poissons d'eau douce. Travaux du Laboratoire d'Hydrobiologie et de Pisciculture de l'Université de Grenoble 42: 73–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raghuvanshi, C., 1980. Effects of removal of cartilaginous rod on the regeneration of taste barbels of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Indian Journal of Zoology 8: 34–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajbanshi, V. K., 1966. A note on the study of gustatory senses of the barbels of freshwater teleosts. Naturwissenschaften 53: 208–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajbanshi, V. K., 1975. Scanning microscopical and histological studies of barbel epithelium of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Zool. Beitr. 25: 73–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajbanshi, V. K. & H. B. Tewari, 1968. Histochemical studies on the distribution of alkaline and acid phosphatase in the barbels of a freshwater teleost, Saccobranchus fossilis. Acta Biologica Akademiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 20: 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rau, R. E., 1978. The development of Xenopus gilli Rose & Hewitt (Anura, Pipidae). Annals of the South African Museum 76: 247–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reutter, K., 1971. Die Geschmacksknospen des Zwergwelses Amiurus nebulosus (Lesuer). Morphologische und Histochemiscbe Untersuchungen. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 120: 280–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reutter, K., 1978. Taste organ in the bullhead (Teleostei). Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology 55: 5–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reutter, K., 1982. Taste organ in the barbel of the bullhead. In Hara, J. J. (ed.), Chemoreception in Fishes. Amsterdam, Elsevier: 77–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reutter, K., 1986. Chemoreception. In Bereiter-Hahn, J., A. G. Matoltsy & K. S. Richards (eds), Biology of the Integument. 2. Vertebrates. Heidelberg, Springer: 586–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reutter, K., 1987. Specialized receptor villi and basal cells in the taste bud of the European silurid fish Silurus glanis (Teleostei). In Roper, S. D. & J. Atema (eds), Olfaction and Taste IX. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 510: 570–573.

  • Reutter, K. & M. Witt, 1993. Morphology of vertebrate taste organs and their nerve supply. In Simon, S. A. & S. D. Roper (eds), Mechanism of Taste Transduction. CRC Press, Boca Raton: 29–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts A. & A. Blight, 1975. Anatomy, physiology and behavioural role of sensory nerve endings in the cement gland of embryonic Xenopus. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B 192: 111–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabates, A., 1994. Larval development of three blennid species Asdablennis sphynx, Coryphoblennis galerita and Lipophrys canevai (Pisces: Blennidae: Bellini). J. Zool. Lond. 234: 89–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarasin, P. & F. Sarasin, 1887–1890. Ergebnisse naturwissenschaftlicher Forschungen auf Ceylon. 2. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte und Anatomie des Ceylonischen Blindwuhle Ichthyophis glutinosus L. (Epicrium glutinosum Ant.).Wiesbaden, C.W. Kreidel Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, M., 1937a. Preliminary report on the barbels of a Japanese goatfish. Upenoides bensasi (Temminck and Schlegel). Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan (Fourth Series, Biology) 11: 259–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, M., 1937b. Further studies on the barbels of a Japanese goatfish. Upenoides bensasi (Temminck and Schlegel). Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan (Fourth Series, Biology) 11: 297–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, M., 1937c. On the barbels of a Japanese catfish, Plotosus anguillaris (Lacepede). Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan (Fourth Series, Biology) 11: 323–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, M., 1937d. Histological observations on the barbels of fishes. Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan (Fourth Series, Biology) 12: 265–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, M., 1938. The sensibility of the barbel of Upenes spilurus. Bleeker, with some notes on the schooling. Science Reports of 192 the Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan. (Fourth Series, Biology) 12: 489–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, M., 1077a. Histology of barbels of Blepsias cirrhosus draciscus (Cottidae). Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 23: 220–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, M., 1977b. Histological observations on the cutaneous processes on the head of Azuma emnion and Hemipterus villosus. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 24: 12–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, M. & B. G. Kapoor, 1957. Histological observations on the barbels of Indian freshwater fishes, Alaska codfish and Podothecus acipenserinus. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 30: 156–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, R. E., 1983. Variation in barbels of Rhinichthys cataractae (Pisces: Cyprinidaei) in Southeastern New York with comments on phylogeny and functional morphology. Journal of Freshwater Ecology. 2: 239–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulte, E. & A. Holl, 1971. Untersuchungen an den Geschmacksknospen der Barteln von Corydoras paleatus Jemyns. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 120: 450–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, F. E., 1863. Ueber die becherformigen Organe der Fische. Zeitschrift wissenschaftlicher Zoologie 12: 218–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, F. E., 1870. Ueber die Sinnesorgane der Seitenlinie bei Fischen und Amphibien. Archiv Mikrokopische Anatomie Entwicklungsmechanik 6: 62–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, C. E., 1965. Tentacled fishing snake. ZooNooz 38: 3–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibbing, F. A., 1991. Food capture and oral processing. In Winfield, I. J. & J. S. Nelson (eds), Systematics, Biology and Exploitation. London, New York, Chapman & Hall: 377–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, B., 1967. Movements of barbels in some siluroid fishes. Zool. Anz. 178: 402–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, C. P. & B. G. Kapoor, 1967. Histological observations on the barbels of a bagrid catfish, Rita rita (Ham.). Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 14: 197–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokol, O. M., 1977. The free swimming Pipa larva with a review or pipid larvae and pipid phylogeny (Anura: Pipidae. J. Morph. 154: 57–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spallanzani, A. L., 1784–1789. Dissertation relative to the natural history of animals and vegetables (translation from the Italian). 2: London.

  • Sterba, G., 1962. Freshwater Fishes of the World. (Translation by D. W. Tucker). London, Vista Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steven, G. A. 1930. Bottom fauna and the food of fishes. J. mar. biol. Ass. New Series 16: 677–700.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storch, V. & U. V. Welsch, 1970. Electron microscopic observation on the taste buds of some bony fishes. Archivum Histologicum Japonicum 32: 145–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strivastava, C. M. & N. Singh, 1961. Contribution to the study of barbels of fishes. Vest. Csesks. spolec. zool. 25: 12–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sufi, S. M. K., 1956. A revision of the oriental fishes of the family Mastacembelidae. Bulletin Raffles Museum 27: 92–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suyehiro, Y., 1942. A study on the digestive system and feeding habits of fish. Japanese Journal of Zoology 10: 1–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tachibana, T., Y. Sakakura & T. Nawa, 1980. Merkel cell differentiation in the developing tentacles of Xenopus laevis. Acta Anatomica Nipponica 55: 588–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tachibana, T., K. Ishizeki & T. Nawa, 1984. Ultrastructural evidence for a possible secretory function of Merkel cells in the barbels of a teleost fish, Cyprinus carpio. Cell Tissue Research 235: 695–697.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tateda, H., 1964. The taste response of the isolated barbel of the catfish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 11: 367–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, E. H., 1968. The Caecilians of the World: A Taxonomic Review. Lawrence, Kansas, University of Kansas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teeter, J. H. & J. G. Brand, 1987. Peripheral mechanisms of gustation: Physiology and biochemistry. In Finger, T. E.& W. L. Silver (eds), Neurobiology of Taste and Smell. New York, J. Wiley: 299–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tewari, H. B. & V. K. Rajbanshi, 1971. Histochemical studies on the distribution of a few hydrolytic enzymes in cutaneous gustatory epithelia of a freshwater teleost, Saccobranchus fossilis. Annales d'Histochimie 16: 255–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, T.W., 1934. The relation of taste buds to their nerve fibers. Journal of Comparative Neurology 59: 203–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, T. W., 1936. The relation of nerves to degenerating taste buds. Journal of Comparative Neurology 64: 325–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toyoshima., Nada, O. & A. Shimamura, 1984. Structure of momoamine-containing basal cells in the taste buds on the barbels of three species of teleosts. Cell Tissue Research 235: 479–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trujillo-Cenoz, O., 1961. Electron microscope observations on chemo.-and mechano-receptor cells of fishes. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschungen und Mikroskopische Anatomie 54: 654–676.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, D., 1983. Fish chemoreception. Peripheral anatomy and physiology. In Northcutt, R. G. & R. Davis (eds), Neurobiology Brain Stem and Sense Organs. Michigan, University ofMichigan Press. 1: 311–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uga, S. & K. Hama, 1967. Electron microscopic studies on the synaptic region of the taste organ of carps and frogs. Journal of Electron Microscopy 16: 269–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinnikov, Ya, A. & R. A. Pevzner, 1981. The structure and cytochemistry of vertebrate taste buds. In Surian, L. & G. Bodo (eds), Proceeding of the XIIth ORL World Congress, Budapest, Hungary: 437–545.

  • Wagner, C. E., 1953. Differentiation of taste bud cells following transection of their nerve supply. Anatomical Record 15: 442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wake, M., 1977. The reproductive biology of caecilians: an evolutionary perspective. In Taylor, D. H. & S. I. Guttman (eds), The reproductive biology of Amphibians. New York, Plenum: 73–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, J., 1989. Gross morphology and evolution of the mechanoreceptive lateral-line system in teleost fishes. Brain Behavior Evolution 33: 34–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, E. H., 1827. Ueber das Geschmacksorgane der Karpfen und den Urmspung seiner Nerven. Archiv. fur Anatomie und Physiologie 5: 309–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsch, U. & V. Storch, 1969. Die Feinstruktur des Geschmacksknospen von Welsen Clarias batrachus (L.) und Kryptopterus bicirrhis (Cuvier et Valencienne). Zeitschrift fur Mikroskopische Anatomie Forschung 100: 552–559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitear, M., 1971. Cell specialization and sensory function in fish epidermis. J. Zool. Lond. 163: 237–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitear, M., 1976. Identification of the epidermal 'Stiftschenzellen' of frog tadpoles by electron microscopy. Cell Tissue Research 175: 391–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitear, M., 1983. The question of free nerve endings in the epidermis of lower vertebrates. Acta Biologica (Hungary) 34: 303–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitear, M., 1986. The skin of fishes including cyclostomes. In Bereiter-Hahn, J., A. G. Matoltsy & K. S. Richards (eds), Biology of the Integument. 2. Vertebrates. Heidelberg, Springer: 8–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitear, M., 1989. Merkel cells in lower vertebrates. Archives of Histology and Cytology 52, Suppl: 415–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitear, M., 1990. Collagen turnover in regenerating barbels of a catfish. Archives of Histology and Cytology 53: 283–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitear, M. & E. B. Lane, 1983. Oligovillous cells of the epidermis: sensory elements of lamprey skin. J. Zool. Lond. 199: 359–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitear, M. & K. M. Mittal, 1986. Structure of the skin of Agonus cataphractus. J. Zool. Lond. 210: 551–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitear, M. & K. Kotrschal, 1986. The chemosensory anterior dorsal fin in rocklings (Gaidropsarus and Ciliata: Teleostei, Gadidae): activity, fine structure and innervation. J. Zool. Lond. 216: 339–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitear, M. & R. M. Moate, 1994. Microanatomy of taste buds in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology 26: 357–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winokur, M., 1977. The integumentary tentacles of the snake Erpeton tentaculatum: structure, function, evolution. Herpetologica 33: 247–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winokur, M., 1982a. Integumentary appendages of chelonians. J. Morph. 172: 59–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winokur, M., 1982b. Erectile tissue and smooth muscle in snouts of Carettochelys insculpta, Trionychids and other Chelonia. Zoomorphology 101: 83–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R. R., 1884. On the skin and cutaneous sense organs of Amiurus. Proceedings of the Canadian Institute, Nova Scotia 2: 251–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yerker, R. W. & R. D. Suttkus, 1962. Records of freshwater fishes in Florida. Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany 9: 323–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yonchek, J., T. E. Finger, R. H. Cagan & B. F. Bryant, 1987. Monoclonal antibodies directed against catfish taste receptors. In Roper, S. D. & J. Atema (eds), Olfaction and Taste. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 510: 732–734.

  • Zakon, H. H., 1988. The electroreceptors: Diversity in structure and function. In Atema, J., R. R. Fay, A. N. Popper & W. N. Tavolga (eds), Sensory Function of Aquatic Animals. New York, Heidelberg, Springer: 813–850.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zander, C. D., 1979. Morphologie von Hautstrukturen im Kopfbereich der Grundel Paragobiodon echinocephalus (Ruppell) (Gobiodae, Pisces). Zool. Anz. Jena 202: 226–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zincone, A., 1876. Osservazione anatomiche sui die alcune appendici tattili dei perce. Rendiconti dell Accademia Societa Napoli 15: 182–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuwala, K. & M. Jakubowski, 1991. Development of taste organs in Rana temporaria. Transmission and scanning electron microscope study. Anatomy Embryology 184: 363–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuwala, K. & M. Jakubowski, 1993. Light and electron (SEM, TEM) microscopy of taste buds in the tench Tinca tinca (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Acta zool. (Stockholm) 74: 277–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zylberberg, L., J. Castanet & A. de. Ricqles, 1980. Structure of the dermal scales in Gymnophiona (Amphibia). J. Morph. 165: 41–54.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University College, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K

    Harold Fox

Authors
  1. Harold Fox
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fox, H. Barbels and barbel-like tentacular structures in sub-mammalian vertebrates: a review. Hydrobiologia 403, 153–193 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003778125517

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003778125517

Search

Navigation