Abstract
This article takes as its point of departureconcepts derived from couple therapy to betterunderstand collusive relationships in organizations. Aswe examine these dysfunctional workplace relationships— these interpersonal “gridlocks” —four main types of collusive superior subordinateinteraction patterns are identified — thenarcissistic, the controlling, the paranoid, and thesadomasochistic — and the consequences of each such dyad in organizationsare explored. In conclusion, the paper presents a numberof recommendations on how to recognize the presence ofsuch collusive arrangements (taking leadership behavior as a point of departure) and suggestspreventive steps that can be taken.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
ACKERMAN, N. W. The psychodynamics of family life. New York: Basic Books, 1958.
ACKERMAN, N. W. In B. L. Green (Ed.), The psychotherapies of marital disharmony. New York: Free Press, 1965, pp. 153-167.
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. Diagnostic and statistical manual of the mental disorders, DSM-IV (4th e d.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
AULETTA, K. The human factor, New Yorker, September 1994, pp.54-69.
BAUMEISTER, R. F. Masochism and the self. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989.
BION, W. R. Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock, 1959.
BOWLBY, J. Attachment and loss` (Vol. I). Attachment. New York: Basic Books, 1969.
BOWLBY, J. Attachment and loss (Vol. II). Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
DEAN PARSONS, R., & WICKS, R. J. (Eds.). Passive-aggressiveness: Theory and practice. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1983.
DICKS, H. V. Marital tensions: Clinical studies toward a psychological theory of interaction. New York: Basic Books, 1967.
FREUD, A. The ego and the mechanism s of defense. New York: International Universities Press, 1946.
GEERTZ, C. The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
GEERTZ, C. Local knowledge. New York: Basic Books, 1983.
GLICK, R. A., & MEYERS, D. I. Masochism: Current psychoanalytic perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 1988.
GOLEMAN, D. Emotional intelligence. London: Bloomsbury, 1995.
GRALNICK, A. Folie à Deux—The psychosis of association: Review of 103 cases and entire English literature with presentations,” Parts 1 and 2. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1942, 16, 230-263, 491-520.
GROSSMAN, W. Notes on masochism: A Discussion of the history and development of a psychoanalytic concept. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1986, 55, 379-413.
GROVER, R. Jeffrey Katzenberg: No more Mr. tough guy? Business Week, January 31, 1994, p. 46.
HOROWITZ, M. J. (Ed.). Person schemas and maladaptive interpersonal patterns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
HUY, J. Eisner explains everything, Fortune, April 17, 1995, pp. 33-48.
JAQUES, E. Social systems as a defense against persecutory and depressive anxiety. In M. Klein, P. Heimann, and R. E. Money-Kyrle (Eds.), New directions in psycho-analysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955.
KERNBERG, O. Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York: Jason Aronson, 1975.
KERNBERG, O. Internal world and external reality. New York: Jason Aronson, 1985.
KERNBERG, O. Clinical dimensions of masochism. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 1988, 36, 1005-1029.
KETS DE VRIES, M. F. R. Folie à deux: Acting out your subordinates' fantasies. Human Relations, 1978, 31(10), 905-924.
KETS DE VRIES, M. F. R. Prisoners of leadership. New York: Wiley, 1989.
KETS DE VRIES, M. F. R. Organizations on the couch. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1991.
KETS DE VRIES, M. F. R. Leaders, fools, and impostors. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993.
KETS DE VRIES, M. F. R. Life and death in the executive fast lane: Essays on irrational organizations and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995.
KETS DE VRIES, M. F. R., & MILLER, D. The neurotic organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1984.
KETS DE VRIES, M. F. R., & MILLER, D. Narcissism and leadership: An object relations perspective. Human Relations, 1985, 38(6), 583-601.
KETS DE VRIES, M. F. R., & MILLER, D. Unstable at the top. New York: New American Library, 1987.
KETS DE VRIES, M. F. R., & PERZOW, S. Handbook of character studies. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, 1991.
KOHUT, H. The analysis of the self. New York: International Universities Press, 1974.
KOHUT, H. The restoration of the self. New York: International Universities Press, 1977.
LACHKAR, J. The narcissistic/borderline couple. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1992.
LASÈQUE, C., & FABRET, J. La folie à deux ou folie communiquè. Annales Medicales de Psychologie, 1877, 5 serie, T.18.
LUBORSKY, L. P. Understanding Transference. New York: Basic Books, 1990.
LUBORSKY, L. P., CRITS-CHRISTOPH, P., MINZ, J., & AUERBACH, A. Who will benefit from psychotherapy? New York: Basic Books, 1988.
MAHLER, M. S., PINE, F., & BERGMAN, A. The psychological birth of the human infant. New York: Basic Books, 1975.
MASTERSON, J. F. The narcissistic and borderline disorders. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1981.
McDOUGALL, J. Theaters of the mind. New York: Basic Books, 1985.
McWILLIAMS, N. Psychoanalytic diagnosis. New York: The Guilford Press, 1994.
MEISSNER, W. W. The paranoid process. New York: Jason Aronson, 1978.
MELTZER, D. The psychoanalytic process. London: Heinemann, 1967.
MENZIES, I. A case study in the functioning of social systems as a defense against anxiety: A report on a study of the nursing system of a general hospital. Human Relations, 1960, 13, 95-121.
MILLER, A. Prisoners of childhood: The dram a of the gifted child and the search for the true self. New York: Basic Books, 1975.
MILLON, T. Disorders of personality. New York: Wiley, 1981.
MINUCHIN, S. Families and family therapy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.
REICH, W. Character analysis. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1949.
RIOUX, B. A review of folie à deux: The psychosis of association. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1963, 37, 405-428.
RUSZCZYNSKI, S. (Ed.). Psychotherapy with couples. London: Karnac Books, 1993.
RUSZCZYNSKI, S. Narcissistic object relating. In S. Ruszczynski, and P. Fisher, (Eds.), Intrusiveness and intimacy in the couple. London: Karnac Books, 1995.
SAGER, C. J. Couples therapy and marriage contracts. In A. S. Gurman and D. P. Knisper (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy (Vol. 1). New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1991.
SALZMAN, L. Treatment of the obsessive personality. New York: Jason Aronson, 1980.
SHAPIRO, D. Neurotic styles. New York: Basic Books, 1965.
SHARPE, S. A. The symbiotic marriage: A diagnostic profile. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 1981, 45(2), 89-114.
SHARPE, S. A. The oppositional couple: A developmental object relations approach to diagnosis and treatment. In R. A. Nemiroff and C. A. Colarusso (Eds.), New dimensions in adult development. New York: Basic Books, 1992.
SMITH, S. The golden fantasy: A regressive reaction to separation anxiety. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1977, 58(3), 311-324.
STORR, A. The art of psychotherapy. New York: Methuen, 1979.
STREAN, H. S. Resolving marital conflict: A psychodynamic perspective. New York: Wiley, 1985.
WHITAKER, C. A. Psychotherapy with couples. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 1958, 12(1), 18-23.
WILLI, J. Couples in collusion: The unconscious dimension in partnerships. Claremont, CA: Hunter House, 1982.
WILLI, J. Dynamics of couples therapy. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1984.
WINNICOTT, D. W. Through paediatrics to psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1975.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
De Vries, M.F.R.K. What's Playing in the Organizational Theater? Collusive Relationships in Management. Human Relations 52, 745–773 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016942415669
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016942415669