Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Potentially durable resistance mechanisms in plants to specialised fungal pathogens

  • Published:
Euphytica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Specialised plant pathogens are in many ways adapted to exploit their host plants. Infective propagules should reach the appropriate plant tissue, gain access to the tissue and negate or suppress various kinds of constitutive and inducible resistance mechanisms. The resistance type most frequently deployed in plant breeding is the race-specific resistance, where a hypersensitive response of plant tissue is elicited by an avirulence factor produced by the pathogen. The great disadvantage of this type of resistance is, that it is often ephemeral. Detailed screening of germplasm may result in the discovery of alternative defence mechanisms not associated with hypersensitivity, that may be durable. Avoidance mechanisms may reduce the chance of infection. Upright plant habit has been reported to decrease spore deposition in cereals. Crop architecture may also affect aspects such as humidity and aeration in the crop, and hence the chances for successful infection by pathogen propagules. Other examples of avoidance are leaf surface properties that interfere with leaf wettability, germ tube orientation and finding of stomata to enter the leaf. Stomata in some accessions of Hordeum chilense are excessively covered by cuticular wax that prevent rust fungal germ tubes from perceiving the stomata, resulting in failure of penetration of the pathogen into the leaf. There is evidence that incompatible host species, biotrophic pathogenic fungi induce basic compatibility by suppressing defence mechanisms. Failure of this induction results in abortion of the infection attempt. Several cases of apparently durable resistance are discussed that are based on failure of haustorium formation, and are not associated with hypersensitivity. They may represent cases where the pathogen has problems in establishing basic compatibility.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aist, J.R. & W.R. Bushnell, 1991. Invasion of plants by powdery mildew fungi, and cellular mechanisms of resistance. In: G.T. Cole & H.C. Hoch (Eds.), The Fungal Spore and Disease Initiation in Plants and Animals, pp. 321–345. Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, D.J., 1983. The Pathology of Tropical Food Legumes: Disease Resistance in Crop Improvement, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester; UK, 428 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Büschges, R., K. Hollrichter, R. Panstruga, G. Simons, M. Wolter, A. Frijters, R. van Daelen, T. van der Lee, P. Diergaarde, J. Groenendijk, S. Topsch, P. Vos, F. Salamini & P. Schulze-Lefert, 1997. The barley mlo gene: a novel control element of plant pathogen resistance. Cell 88: 695–705.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carver, T.L.W., 1986. Histology of infection by Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei in spring barley lines with various levels of partial resistance. Plant Pathol 35: 232–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, T.L.W. & A.J.H. Carr, 1977. Race non-specific resistance of oats to primary infection by mildew. Ann Appl Biol 86: 29–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, T.L.W. & A.J.H. Carr, 1978. Effects of host resistance on the development of haustoria and colonies of oat mildew. Ann Appl Biol 88: 171–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, T.L.W. & S.M. Ingerson, 1987. Responses of Erysiphe graminis germlings to contact with artificial and host surfaces. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 30: 359–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carver, T.L.W., B.J. Thomas, S.M. Ingerson-Morris & H.W. Roderick, 1990. The role of abaxial leaf surface waxes of Lolium spp. in resistance to Erysiphe graminis. Plant Pathol 39: 573–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L., & Z. Eyal, 1993. The histology of processes associated with the infection of resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars with Septoria tritici. Plant Pathol 42: 737–743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, M., 1980a. Host - parasite relations in uredial infections of peanut by Puccinia arachidis. Phytopathology 70: 822–826.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, M., 1980b. Peanut leaf wettability and susceptibility to infection by Puccinia arachidis. Phytopathology 70: 826–830.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crute, I.R. & C.H. Dickinson, 1976. The behaviour of Bremia lactucae on cultivars of Lactuca sativa and on other composites. Ann Appl Biol 82: 433–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Wit, P.J.G.M., 1977. A light and scanning-electron microscopic study of infection of tomato plants by virulent and avirulent races of Cladosporium fulvum. Neth J Plant Pathol 83: 109–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Wit, P.J.G.M., 2000. The Cladosporium fulvum-tomato interaction. A model system to study gene-for-gene relationships. In: A.J. Slusarenko, R.S.S. Fraser & L.C. van Loon (Eds.), Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases, pp. 53-100. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

  • De Wit, P.J.G.M., M.H.A.J. Joosten, G. Honée, J.P. Wubben, G.F.J.M. van der Ackerveken & H.W.J. van den Broek, 1994. Molecular communication between host plant and the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek 65: 257–262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeWit, P.J.G.M., R. Lauge, G. Honee, M.H.A.J. Joosten, P. Vossen, M. Kooman-Gersmann, R. Vogelsang & J.J.M. Vervoort, 1997. Molecular and biochemical basis of the interaction between tomato and its fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek 71: 137–141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyck, P.L., 1987. The association of a gene for leaf rust resistance with the chromosome 7D suppressor of stem rust resistance in common wheat. Genome 29: 467–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, M.C. & D.J.F. Bowling, 1986. The growth of rust germ tubes towards stomata in relation to pH gradients. Physiol Molec Plant Pathol 29: 185–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Gewely, M.R., W.E. Smith & N. Colotelo, 1972. The reaction of near-isogenic lines of flax to the rust fungus Melampsora lini. 1. Host parasite interface. Can J Genet Cytol 14: 743–751.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmhirst, J.F. & M.C. Heath, 1987. Interactions of the bean rust and cowpea rust fungi with species of the Phaseolus-Vigna plant complex. I. Fungal growth and development. Can J Bot 65: 1096–1107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrandino, F.J. & D.E. Aylor, 1985. Deposition of particles to a wheat canopy: the importance of inertial impaction. Agric Forest Meteorol 34: 195–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flor, H.H., 1955. Host-parasite interactions in flax rust-its genetics and other implications. Phytopathology 45: 680–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • G¸asowski, A., 1990. Influence of wheat leaf position of leaf rust severity. Euphytica 48: 211–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gees, R. & H.R. Hohl, 1988. Cytological comparison of specific (R3) and general resistance to late blight in potato leaf tissue. Phytopathology 78: 350–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Görg, R., K. Hollricher & P. Schulze-Lefert, 1993. Functional analysis and RFLP-mediated mapping of the Mlg resistance locus in barley. Plant Journal 3: 857–866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haanstra, J.P.W., R. Laugé, F. Meijer-Dekens, G. Bonnema, P.J.G.M. de Wit & P. Lindhout, 1999. The Cf-ECP2 gene is linked to, but not part of, the Cf-4/Cf-9 cluster on the short arm of chromosome 1 in tomato. Mol Gen Genetics 262: 839–845.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, C.H., T.H. Busbice, R.R. Hill Jr, O.J. Hunt & A.J. Oakes, 1972. Directed mass selection for developing multiple pest resistance and conserving germplasm in alfalfa. J Environ Qual 1: 106–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, H., 1929. Relation of stomatal behavior to stem rust resistance in wheat. J Agr Res 39: 929–948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, M.C., 1974. Light and electron microscope studies of the interactions of host and nonhost plants with cowpea rust - Uromyces phaseoli var.vignae. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 4: 403–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, M.C., 1979. Effects of heat shock, actinomycin D, cycloheximide and blasticidin S on nonhost interactions with rust fungi. Physiol Plant Pathol 15: 211–218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, M.C., 1980. Effects of infection by compatible species or injection of tissue extracts on the susceptibility on non-host plants to rust fungi. Phytopathology 70: 356–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, M.C., 1981. Resistance of plants to rust fungi. Phytopathology 71: 971–974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, M.C., B. Valent, R.J. Howard & F.G. Chumley, 1990. Interaction of two strains of Magnaporthe grisea with rice, goosegrass, and weeping lovegrass. Can J Bot 68: 1627–1637.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoch H.C., R.C. Staples, B. Whitehead, J. Comeau & E.D. Wolf, 1987. Signaling for growth orientation and cell differentiation by surface topography in Uromyces. Science 235: 1659–1662.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, Th., 1990. Abortion of infection structures of wheat leaf rust in susceptible and partially resistant wheat genotypes. Euphytica 45: 81–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L.E.B., W.R. Bushnell & R.J. Zeyen, 1982. Defense patterns in nonhost higher plant species against two powdery mildew fungi.I. Monocotyledonous species. Can J Bot 60: 1068–1083.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen, J.H. & K. Mortensen, 1977. Primary infection by Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei of barley mutants with resistance genes in the ml-o locus. Phytopathology 67: 678–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joosten M.H.A.J., A.J. Cozijnsen, & P.J.G.M. de Wit, 1994. Host resistance to a fungal tomato pathogen lost by a single base-pair change in an avirulence gene. Nature 367: 384–367.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamoun, S., E. Huitema & V.G.A.A. Vleeshouwers 1999. Resistance to oomycetes: a general role for the hypersensitive response? Trends in Plant Science 4: 196–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kema, G.H.J., D.Z. Yu, F.H.J. Rijkenberg, M.W. Shaw, & R.P. Baayen, 1996. Histology of the pathogenesis of Mycosphaerella graminicola in wheat. Phytopathology 86: 777–786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochman, J.K. & J.F. Brown, 1975. Development of the stem and crown rust fungi on leaves, sheaths and peduncles of oats. Phytopathology 65: 1404–1408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koga, H., W.R. Bushnell & R.J. Zeyen, 1990. Specificity of cell type and timing of events associated with papilla formation and the hypersensitive response in leaves of Hordeum vulgare attacked by Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei. Can J Bot 68: 2344–2352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowalska, A. & R.E. Niks, 1999. Histology of quantitative resistance in flax to the flax rust fungus (Melampsora lini). Can J Plant Pathol 21: 354–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunoh, H., T. Komura, I. Kobayashi & N. Yamaoka, 1990. Induced accessibility and enhanced inaccessibility at the cellular level in barley coleoptiles. VII. Enhancement of inaccessibility at the penetration stage of a non-pathogen. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 37: 399–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarovits, G. & V.J. Higgins, 1976. Histological comparison of Cladosporium fulvum race 1 on immune, resistant, and susceptible tomato varieties. Can J Bot 54:224-234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda, A. & K. Reinink, 1991. Histological characterization of resistance in Lactuca saligna to lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae). Physiol Molec Plant Pathol 44: 125–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehnackers, H. & W. Knogge, 1990. Cytological studies on the infection of barley cultivars with known resistance genotypes by Rhynchosporium secalis. Can J Bot 68: 1953–1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyngkjær, M.F., A.C. Newton, J.L. Atzema & S.J. Baker, 2000. The barley mlo gene: an important powdery mildew resistance source. Agronomie 20: 745–756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, D.S. & M.C. Rush, 1980. Infection cushion formation on rice sheaths by Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathology 70: 947–950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinelli, J.A., S.C.K. Milach & L.C. Federizzi, 1995. Inducao precoce de telia - outra forma de resistencia a ferrugem da folha da aveia presente no Brasil. Summa Phytopathologica 21: 257–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, B.A. & C. Linde, 2002. Pathogen population genetics and the durability of disease resistance, Euphytica this issue.

  • Menetrez, M.L., H.W. Spurr Jr, D.A. Danehower & D.R. Lawson, 1990. Influence of tobacco leaf surface chemicals on germination of Peronospora tabacina Adam sporangia. J Chem Ecology 16: 1565–1576.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mithen, R., 1992. Leaf glucosinolate profiles and their relationship to pest and disease resistance in oilseed rape. Euphytica 63: 71–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mmbaga M.T., J.R. Steadman & J.J. Roberts, 1994. Interaction of bean leaf pubescence with rust urediniospore deposition and subsequent infection density. Ann Appl Biol 125: 243–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nashaat, N.I. & K. Moore, 1991. The expression of components of seedling resistance to Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici in Triticum timopheevii and a hexaploid derivative. Plant Pathol 40: 495–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niks, R.E., 1983. Haustorium formation by Puccinia hordei in leaves of hypersensitive, partially resistant, and nonhost plant genotypes. Phytopathology 73: 64–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niks, R.E., 1986. Failure of haustorial development as a factor in slow growth and development of Puccinia hordei in partially resistant barley seedlings. Physiol Molec Plant Pathol 28: 309–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niks, R.E., 1987. The importance of abortive stoma penetration in the partial resistance and nonhost reaction of adult barley and wheat plants to leaf rust fungi. Euphytica 36: 725–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niks, R.E., 1989. Induced accessibility and inaccessibility of barley cells in seedling leaves inoculated with two leaf rust species. J. Phytopathol 124: 296–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niks, R.E., 1990. Effect of germ tube length on the fate of sporelings of Puccinia hordei in susceptible and resistant barley. Phytopathology 80: 57–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Niks R.E. & R.G. Dekens, 1991. Prehaustorial and posthaustorial resistance to wheat leaf rust in diploid wheat seedlings. Phytopathology 81: 847–851.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niks, R.E. & D. Rubiales, 1994. Avirulence factors corresponding to barley genes Pa3 and Pa7 which confer resistance against Puccinia hordei in rust fungi other than P. hordei. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 45: 321–331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niks, R.E., U. Walther, H. Jaiser, F. Martínez, D. Rubiales, O. Andersen, K. Flath, P. Gymer, F. Heinrichs, R. Jonsson, L. Kuntze, M. Rasmussen & E. Richter, 2000a. Resistance against barley leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) inWest-European spring barley germplasm. Agronomie 20: 769–782.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niks, R.E., E. Fernández, B. van Haperen, B. Bekele-Aleye & F. Martínez, 2000b. Specificity of QTLs for partial and non-host resistance of barley to leaf rust fungi. Acta Phytopathol Entomol Hungarica 35: 13–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S.J., 1993. Response of bush and upright plant type selections to white mold and seed yield of common beans grown at various row widths in southern Ontario. Can J Plant Sci 73: 265–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parlevliet, J.E., 1977. Evidence of differential interaction in the polygenic Hordeum vulgare - Puccinia hordei relation during epidemic development. Phytopathology 67: 776–778.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parlevliet, J.E., 1983. Models explaining the specificity and durability of host resistance derived from the observations on the barley - Puccinia hordei system. In: F. Lamberti, J.M. Wallen & N.A. van Graaff (Eds.), Durable Resistance in Crops, pp. 57–80. Plenum Press, USA, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parlevliet, J.E., 1993. What is durable resistance, a general outline. In: Th. Jacobs & J.E. Parlevliet (Eds.), Durability of Disease Resistance, pp. 23-39. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

  • Parlevliet, J.E., 2002. Durability of resistance against fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens; present situation, Euphytica this issue.

  • Parlevliet, J.E., M. Leijn & A. van Ommeren, 1985. Accumulating polygenes for partial resistance in barley to barley leaf rust, Puccinia hordei. II. Field evaluation. Euphytica 34: 15–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parlevliet, J.E. & A. van Ommeren, 1988. Accumulation of partial resistance in barley to barley leaf rust and powdery mildew through recurrent selection against susceptibility. Euphytica 37: 261–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasechnik, T.D., V.P. Lapikova & A.A. Aver'yanov, 1997. Inhibition of pre-penetration development of blast fungus during the infection of resistant rice cultivars. Eur J Plant Pathol 103: 747–750.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, Y.-L. & J. Shishiyama, 1988. Timing of a cellular reaction in rice cultivars associated with differing degrees of resistance to Pyricularia oryzae. Can J Bot 67: 2704–2710.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pink, D.A.C., 2001. Strategies using non-durable genes for disease resistance, Euphytica this issue.

  • Qi, X., F. Fufa, R.E. Niks, P. Lindhout & P. Stam, 2000. The evidence for abundance of QTLs for partial resistance to Puccinia hordei on the barley genome. Mol Breeding 6: 1–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qi, X., G. Jiang, W. Chen, R.E. Niks, P. Stam & P. Lindhout, 1999. Isolate-specific QTLs for partial resistance to Puccinia hordei in barley. Theor Appl Genet 99: 877–884.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qi, X., R.E. Niks, P. Stam & P. Lindhout, 1998. Identification of QTLs for partial resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) in barley. Theor Appl Genet 96: 1205–1215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romig, R.W. & R.M. Caldwell, 1964. Stomatal exclusion of Puccinia recondita by wheat peduncles and sheaths. Phytopathology 54: 214–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubiales, D. & T.L.W. Carver, 2000. Defence reactions of Hordeum chilense accessions to three formae speciales of cereal powdery mildew. Can J Bot 78: 1561–1570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubiales, D. & R.E. Niks, 1992a. Low appressorium formation by rust fungi on Hordeum chilense. Phytopathology 82: 1007–1012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubiales, D & R.E. Niks, 1992b. Histological responses in Hordeum chilense to brown and yellow rust fungi. Plant Pathol 41: 611–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubiales, D. & R.E. Niks, 1995. Characterization of Lr34, a major gene conferring nonhypersensitive resistance to wheat leaf rust. Plant Disease 79: 1208–1212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubiales, D. & R.E. Niks, 1996. Avoidance of rust infection by some genotypes of Hordeum chilense due to their relative inability to induce the formation of appressoria. Physio. Mol Plant Pathol 49: 89–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubiales, D., I. Moreno, M.T. Moreno & J.C. Sillero, 2001. Identification of partial resistance to chickpea rust (Uromyces ciceris-arietini). In: AEP (Ed.), Proc 4th European Conf Grain Legumes, pp. 194-195. Cracow, Poland.

  • Rubiales, D., M.C. Ramírez, T.L.W. Carver & R.E. Niks, 2001. Pre-appressorial avoidance mechanism to rust and mildew fungi in eceriferum mutants of Hordeum vulgare. In: 4th Triticeae Conference, Córdoba, Spain. pp. 389-392.

  • Rubiales, D., M.C. Ramírez & R.E. Niks, 1996. Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals. Euphytica 87: 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, G.E., 1975. Deposition of Puccinia striiformis uredospores on adult wheat plants in laboratory experiments. Cereal Rusts Bull 3: 40–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, G.E., 1978. Plant Breeding for Pest and Disease Resistance. Butterworth Publ., London-Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saindon, G., H.C. Huang & G.C. Kozub, 1995. White-mold avoidance and agronomic attributes of upright common beans grown at multiple planting densities in narrow rows. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 120: 843–847.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, H.F., J.R. Steadman & D.P. Coyne, 1978. Influence of Phaseolus vulgaris blossoming characteristics and canopy structure upon reaction to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Phytopathology 68: 465–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, P.R., P.W. Benedikz, H.G. Jones & M.A. Ford, 1985. Some effects of canopy structure and microclimate on infection of tall and short wheats by Septoria nodorum. Plant Pathol 34: 578–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sijaona M.E.R. & J.W. Mansfield, 1999. Structural resistance of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) against powdery mildew (Oidium anacardii). Tanzania J Agric Sci 2: 115–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sillero, J.C. & D. Rubiales, 2002. Histological characterisation of resistance to Uromyces viciae-fabae in faba bean. Phytopathology 92: 294–299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sillero, J.C., M.T. Moreno & D. Rubiales, 2000. Characterization of new sources of resistance to Uromyces viciae-fabae in a germplasm collection of Vicia faba. Plant Pathol 49: 389–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sillero, J.C., M.T. Moreno & D. Rubiales, 2001. Isolation of haustoria from faba bean leaves infected by faba bean rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae). In: AEP (Ed.), Proc 4th European Conf Grain Legumes, pp. 262. Cracow, Poland.

  • Singh, R.P., A. Mujeeb-Kazi & J. Huerta-Espino, 1998. Lr46: a gene conferring slow-rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat. Phytopathology 88: 890–894.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singleton, L.L., M.B. More, R.D. Wilcoxson & M.F. Kernkamp, 1982. Evaluation of oat crown rust disease parameters and yield in moderately resistant cultivars. Phytopathology 72: 538–540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statler, G.D. & M.A. McVey, 1987. Partial resistance to Uromyces appendiculatus in dry edible beans. Phytopathology 77: 1101–1103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staub, T, H. Dahmen & F.J. Schwinn, 1974. Light-and scanning electron microscopy of cucumber and barley powdery mildew on host and nonhost plants. Phytopathology 64: 364–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subrahmanyam, P., D. McDonald, L.J. Reddy, S.N. Nigam & D.H. Smith, 1993. Origin and utilization of rust resistance in groundnut. In: Th. Jacobs & J.E. Parlevliet (eds.), Durability of Disease Resistance, pp. 147-158, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

  • Subrahmanyam, P., D. McDonald & P.V. Subba Rao, 1983. Influence of host genotypes on uredospore production and germinability in Puccinia arachidis. Phytopathology 73: 726–729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tosa, Y. & J. Shishiyama, 1984. Defense reactions of barley cultivars to an inappropriate forma specialis of the powdery mildew fungus of gramineous plants. Can J Bot 62: 2114–2117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaz Patto M.C., A. Aardse, J. Buntjer, D. Rubiales, A. Martín & R.E. Niks, 2001. Morphology and AFLP markers suggest three Hordeum chilense ecotypes that differ in avoidance to rust fungi. Can J Bot 79: 204–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaz Patto M.C. & R.E. Niks, 2001. Leaf wax layer may prevent appressorium differentiation but does not influence orientation of the leaf rust fungus Puccinia hordei on Hordeum chilense leaves. EJPP 107: 795–803.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vleeshouwers, V.G.A.A., W. van Dooijeweert, F. Govers, S. Kamoun & L.T. Colon, 2000. The hypersensitive response is associated with host and nonhost resistance to Phytophthora infestans. Planta 210: 853–864.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogler, R.K., G. Ejeta & L.G. Butler, 1996. Inheritance of low production of Striga germination stimulants in sorghum. Crop Sci 36: 1185–1191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn, W.K., 1976. Appressorium formation over stomates by the bean rust fungus: Response to a surface contact stimulus. Phytopathology 66: 136–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn, W.K. and R.C. Staples, 1981. Tropism of fungi in host recognition. In: R.C. Staples & G.A. Toenilssen (Eds.), Plant Disease Control: Resistance and Susceptibility, pp 45–69. John Wiley Publ., New York and London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zadoks, J.C. & R.D. Schein, 1979. Epidemiology and plant disease management. Oxford University Press, New York, 472 p.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Rients E. Niks

  2. Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Apdo. 4084, E-14080, Córdoba, Spain

    Diego Rubiales

Authors
  1. Rients E. Niks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Diego Rubiales
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Niks, R.E., Rubiales, D. Potentially durable resistance mechanisms in plants to specialised fungal pathogens. Euphytica 124, 201–216 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015634617334

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015634617334

Search

Navigation